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Bio Psych Chapter 1 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Monism

A

Universe consists of only one type of being

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2
Q

What are the 4 explanations of behavior?

A

Physiological, functional, ontogenetic and evolutionary

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3
Q

What is the kind-body problem?

A

How mind relates to Brain activity

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4
Q

What are the 3 “r”s?

A

Reduce replacement refinement

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5
Q

Name two kinds of cells the nervous system consists of?

A

Glia and neurons

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6
Q

What do neurons do?

A

They receive information and transmit them to other cells

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7
Q

Who found a way to stain cells with silver salts?

A

Camilo Golgi

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8
Q

Who was Santiago Ramon rajal?

A

Showed small gap separates the tips of one neuron fibers from the surface of the next neuron

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9
Q

What is a membrane?

A

The surface of a cell

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10
Q

What does a membrane do?

A

Separates the inside of the cell from the outside environment

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11
Q

What is a Nucleus

A

Structure that contains the chromosomes

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12
Q

Mitochondrion

A

Performs metabolic activities, providing energy that the cell uses for all activities

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13
Q

Ribosome

A

Sites at which the cell synthesizes new protein molecules

Some float freely

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14
Q

What are some ribosomes attached to?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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15
Q

Dualism

A

Mind is one type of substance and matter another

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16
Q

3 major parts of neuron

A

Dendrites
A soma
Axon

Presynaptic terminals

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17
Q

Dendrites

A

Branching fibers

Surface lined with synaptic receptors to receive info from other neurons

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18
Q

Dendritic spines

A

Short outgrowths increase surface area available for synapses

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19
Q

Cell body/soma

A

Contains neucleus, ribosomes and mitochondria

Metabolic work

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20
Q

Axon

A

Thin fiber of constant diameter

Conveys an impulse toward other neurons, organ or a muscle

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21
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Insulating material of vertebrate axons

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22
Q

Nodes of ranvier

A

Interruptions

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23
Q

Presynaptic terminal

A

Swells at the tip of the branches

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24
Q

Efferent axon

A

Carries information information away from a structure

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25
Q

Afferent axon

A

Brings information into a structure

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26
Q

Different types of glia

Amors

A 
Radial glia
Astrocytes 
Microgila
Oligodendrocytes 
Schwann cells
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27
Q

Astrocytes

A

Star shaped
Wrap around the presynaptic terminals

Helps synchronize the activity of neurons enabling them to send msgs in waves

Remove waste material

Dilate blood vessels

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28
Q

Microglia

A

Part of the immune system removing waste material viruses, fungi from brain

Survival of neurons in early life

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29
Q

Oligodendrocytes / Schwann cells

A

Build myelin sheath that surround and insulate

Supply axon with nutrients necessary for functioning

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30
Q

Radial glia

A

Guide the migration of neurons

after embryo logical development finish they differentiate into neurons/Astros/Oligodendrocytes

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31
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

Keeps out viruses and also most nutrients

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32
Q

Which chemicals cross blood brain barrier?

A

Oxygen, water, carbon dioxide

chemicals that dissolve in fats of the membrane

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33
Q

Which chemicals cross blood brain barrier by active transport?

A

Glucose, amino acids, purines, choline, certain vitamins, iron, few hormones

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34
Q

Electrical gradient

A

Known as polarization

A difference in charge between inside and outside cell

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35
Q

Resting potential

A

Difference in voltage / 70 mV millivolts

Neuron inside has slightly negative electrical potential with respect to outside. (Negative charged proteins inside cell)

Like bow and arrow stable until it’s ready to fire

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36
Q

Selective permeable

A

Some chemicals pass through more freely than others

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37
Q

Concentration gradient

A

Difference in distribution of ions across the membrane

Sodium more concentrated outside so it enters the cell

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38
Q

Sodium potassium pump

A

Continues pulling potassium into the cell, so it always remains extra concentrated inside

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39
Q

Where are sodium ions more concentrated?

A

Outside

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40
Q

Where are potassium ions more concentrated?

A

Inside the cell

41
Q

What drives the potassium ions out the cell?

A

Concentration gradient

42
Q

What draws the potassium ions into the cell?

A

Electrical gradient

43
Q

Action potential

A

Messages sent by axons

44
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Increased polarization

Is an exaggeration of the usual negative charge within a cell. A depolarization is a decrease amount of negative charge

45
Q

Subthreshold

A

Stimulation produces s response that quickly decays

46
Q

What is the relationship between the threshold and action potential?

A

A depolarization that passes the threshold produces an action potential. One that falls short does not

47
Q

During action potential sodium ions go where?

A

Move into the cell

48
Q

After the peak of action potential what brings back the resting potential?

A

Potassium exits the cell driving the membrane back to resting potential

49
Q

All or none law

A

All stimuli that exceed the threshold produce same response to the neuron

50
Q

Threshold of excitation

A

Produces massive depolarization of the membrane

Opens sodium channels and allows to come
In. Shoots up far beyond the strength of the stimulus (action potential)

51
Q

Name the refractory periods

A

Absolute refractory period
Relative refractory period

The refractory period

52
Q

What is the refractory period ?

A

Immediately after an action potential which resists the production of further action potentials

53
Q

What is the absolute refractory period?

A

The membrane cannot produce an action potential regardless of stimulation

54
Q

What is a relative refractory potential?

A

A stronger than usual stimulus is necessary to initiate an action potential

55
Q

Na ?

A

Sodium

56
Q

K

A

Potassium

57
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

The jumping of action potentials from node to node

Providing rapid conduction of impulses
Conserves energy by: a myelinated axon admits sodium only at its nodes

58
Q

Local neuron

A

Neurons without an axon exchange information only from closest neighbors

Don’t follow all or none law

59
Q

Graded potential

A

When local neuron receives information from other neurons

A membrane potential that varies in magnitude in proportion to the intensity of the stimulus

60
Q

Inside cell of resting neuron is what charge?

A

Negative charge

61
Q

Electrical and concentration gradient

A

At rest, act in competing directions for potassium, almost balancing out

Potassium ions have slow net flow out

Both tend to push sodium into cell but sodium doesn’t cross while at rest

62
Q

What’s a synapse

A

Specialized gap between neurons

The point of communication between two neurons

63
Q

Who found the synapse?

A

Sherrington

64
Q

What did Sherrington find?

A

Communication between one neuron and the next differs from comm along a single axon

65
Q

Reflexes

A

Automatic muscular responses to stimuli

66
Q

Reflex arc

A

The circuit from sensory neuron to muscle response

67
Q

Temporal summation

A

Summation over time

Combined effect of quickly repeated stimulation at a single synapse

68
Q

Spatial summation

A

Summation over space
Pinch two points at once

Combined effect of several stimulation at several synapses onto one neuron

69
Q

Presynaptic neuron

A

Delivers transmission

70
Q

Post synaptic neuron

A

Receives transmission

71
Q

What evidence led Sherrington to conclude transmission of synapses is different from among an axon?

A

Speed of conduction through a reflex arc was slower than that of an action potential of axon.

Some delay must occur at the junction between one neuron and the next

72
Q

Eccles

A

Excitatory postsynaptic potential EPSP

73
Q

What gates open during EPSP?

A

Graded depolarization
From flow of sodium ions into neuron producing temporal summation

Sodium gates open

74
Q

What gates open during Inhibitory postsynaptic potential IPSP?

A

Occurs when synaptic input selectively opens the gates for potassium to leave

Potassium or chloride gates open

75
Q

Can inhibitory message flow along axon?

A

No. Only action potentials propagate along axon.

IPSP decay over time and distance

76
Q

Who was Otto Loewi

A

Nerves send messages by releasing chemicals

77
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

Neuron releases chemicals that affect another neuron

78
Q

What do neurons release in highly active brain areas?

A

Nitric oxide NO

79
Q

Name 3 catechloamines

A

Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Dopamine

80
Q

Tryptophan ?

A

Amino acid, precursor to serotonin crosses blood brain barrier by special transport system

amount of this in diet controls amount of serotonin in the brain

81
Q

Where are neurotransmitters stored?

A

In vesicles (tiny spherical packets)

82
Q

How is excessive build up of neurotransmitter prevented?

A

By an enzyme called MAO that breaks down these transmitters into inactive chemicals

83
Q

What are bursts of release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic neuron called?

A

Exocytosis

84
Q

Ionotropic effects are gated by what?

A

Transmitter gated or ligand gated

85
Q

What neurotransmitter uses the excitatory ionotropic synapses?

A

Glutamate

86
Q

What do inhibitory ionotropic synapse use?

A

GABA opens chloride gates

87
Q

What are two receptors called?

A

Ionotropic effects and megabotropic effects

88
Q

What are ionotropic synapses for?

A

Vision and hearing- rapid quick changing information

89
Q

What are metabotropic synapses for?

A

More enduring effects like taste smell and pain . Timing not important

Arousal attention pleasure and emotion

90
Q

Where are neuropeptides released? And when

A

Dendrites cell body and sides of axon

Only after prolonged stimulation but when, in large amounts not just axon terminal (neurotransmitter)

Diffuse widely producing long lasting effects

91
Q

LSD

A

Lsd binds to one type of serotonin receptor

They provide Stimulation at inappropriate times and cause distorted perception

92
Q

Hormone

A

Chemical secreted by cells in one part of the body and conveyed by blood to influence other cells

93
Q

Difference between neurotransmitter and hormone

A

Hormone like radio station, u have to tune in to the right station to get the message

Neurotransmitter like phone. From one sender to another

94
Q

Name 3 brains neurotransmitters

A

Serotonin
Gaba
Glutamate

95
Q

Brains most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter is______, and inhibitory Neurotransmitter _______.

A

Glutamate…gaba

96
Q

A chemical released inside a cell after stimulation at a metabotropic synapse is called what?

A

Second messenger

97
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

Glandular tissue that produces hormones that Control other endocrine organs

98
Q

Which neurotransmitter is broken down into 2 pieces

A

Acetylcholine

Bio Psych Chapter 1 (1 decks)

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