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Sociology 101 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Sociology

A

The systematic study of human society

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2
Q

Sociological perspective

A

A distinctive point of view of sociology

The general patterns in behavior of particular people

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3
Q

Social integration

A

Dynamic and principled process where all members participate to maintain peaceful social relations

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4
Q

Outsider

A

Not part of the dominant category

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5
Q

C. Wright Mills

A

Sociologist

“Sociological imagination” helps people understand their society & how it affects them

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6
Q

Global perspective

A

Study of the larger world & our society’s place in it

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7
Q

High-income countries

A

Nationals w/ highest overall standards of living

Western Europe, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Japan, Australia

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8
Q

Public policy

A

Laws and regulations that guide how people in communities live and work

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9
Q

Sociology advantage

A

Knowing sociology well gives you an advantage in your career

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10
Q

Major changes in development of sociology

A

Factory-based economy, explosive growth of cities, new democracy, and political rights

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11
Q

Enclosure movement

A

European landowners fenced off more farmland to create grazing areas for sheep

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12
Q

Auguste Comte

A

Coined term sociology (1838)

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13
Q

Comte’s 3 stages of historical development?

A

Theological, metaphysical, and scientific

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14
Q

Theological stage

A

Beginning of human history up to end of European Middle Ages

Society expressed God’s will

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15
Q

Metaphysical stage

A

Renaissance in 15th century

Society as natural rather than supernatural phenomenon

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16
Q

Scientific stage

A

Scientific approach used to study society rather than the physical world

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17
Q

Positivism

A

Scientific approach to knowledge based on “positive” facts as opposed to speculation
Science-based

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18
Q

Sociological theory

A

Explains social behavior in the real world

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19
Q

Theoretical approach

A

Basic image of society that guides thinking and research

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20
Q

Structural-functional approach

A

Framework for building theory that sees society as complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity & stability

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21
Q

Social structure

A

Any relatively stable pattern of social behavior

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22
Q

Social functions

A

Consequences of a social pattern of operation of society as a whole

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23
Q

Social-conflict approach

A

Framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict & change
Focus on how social patterns benefits some 7 hurts others

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24
Q

Robert K. Merton

A

Expanded understanding of social function

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25
Q

Manifest functions

A

(Merton)

Recognized & intended consequences of any social pattern

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26
Q

Latent functions

A

(Merton)

Unrecognized & unintended consequences of social pattern

27
Q

Social dysfunction

A

(Merton)
Any social pattern that may disrupt operation of society
Ex. globalization of economy, rising flow of immigrants

28
Q

Race-conflict theory

A

Study of society that focuses on inequality & conflict btwn people of different racial & ethnic categories

29
Q

Gender-conflict theory

A

Study of society that focuses on inequality & conflict btwn women and men

30
Q

Feminism

A

Support of social equality for women & men

31
Q

Harriet Martineau

A

First woman sociologist

32
Q

Positivist Sociology

A

Study of society based on scientific observation of social behavior

33
Q

Empirical sociology

A

Refers to positivist sociology, based on empirical evidence

information we can verify through our senses

34
Q

Concept

A

Mental construct that represents some part of the world in a simplified form

35
Q

Variable

A

Concept whose value changes from case to case

36
Q

Measurement

A

Procedure for determining the value of a variable in a specific case

37
Q

Operationalizing a variable

A

Specifying exactly what is to be measured before assigning a value to a variable

38
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

Mean, median, and mode

39
Q

Reliability

A

Consistency in measurement

40
Q

Validity

A

Actually measuring exactly what you intend to measure

41
Q

Correlation

A

Relationship in which two (or more) variables change together

42
Q

Cause & effect

A

Relationship in which change in one variable causes change in another

43
Q

Independent variable

A

Causes the change

44
Q

Dependent variable

A

The changes (effect)

45
Q

Spurious correlation

A

An apparent but false relationship between the two (or more) variables that is caused by some other variable

46
Q

Objectivity

A

Personal neutrality in conducting research

47
Q

Value-free

A

(Max Weber) we must be dedicated to finding the truth as it is rather than how it should be

48
Q

Interpretive Sociology

A

Study of society that focuses on discovering the meanings people attach to their social world

49
Q

Critical Sociology

A

Study of society that focuses on need for social change

Sociologists should be social activists

50
Q

Gender

A

The personal traits & social positions that members of society attach to being female/male

51
Q

Androcentricity

A

Approaching an issue from male perspective

52
Q

Gynocentricity

A

Approaching issue from female perspective

53
Q

Overgeneralizing

A

Problem occurs when sociologists gather data only from men

54
Q

Gender blindness

A

Failing to consider gender at all

55
Q

Double standards

A

Careful not to judge men & women by different standards

56
Q

Interference

A

Gender can distort study if subject reacts to sex of researcher

57
Q

Experiment

A

Research method; investigating cause and effect under highly controlled conditions

58
Q

Hypothesis

A

Statement of a possible relationship between two (or more) variables

59
Q

Snowball sampling

A

Number of individuals included grows rapidly over time

60
Q

Participant observation

A

Research method in which investigators systematically observe people while joining them in their routine activities

61
Q

Key informants

A

Key source of info & serve to introduce researcher to others in community

62
Q

Existing Sources

A

For exploratory, descriptive, or explanatory research whenever stable data are available

63
Q

Stereotype

A

Simplified description applied to every person in some category

Sociology 101 (2 decks)

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