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Apologia General Science > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is science?

A

An endeavor dedicated to the accumulation and classification of observable facts in order to formulate general laws about the natural world.

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2
Q

What was the ancient Egyptian, Imhotep, known for?

A

He was renown for his knowledge of medicine.

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3
Q

What is papyrus?

A

An ancient form of paper, made from a plant of the same name.

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4
Q

What was the Greek scientist Thales known for?

A

Thales studied the heavens and tried to develop a unifying theme that would explain the movement of the heavenly bodies (the planets and stars).

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5
Q

What was the Greek scientist Anaximander known for?

A

Anaximander, who was a pupil of Thales, is known for trying to explain the origin of the human race without reference to a Creator. He thought that all life began in the sea.

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6
Q

What was the Greek scientist Anaximenes known for?

A

Anaximenes was an associate of Anaximander who believed air was the most basic substance in nature. His attempt to explain things led to the concept of atoms.

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7
Q

What was the Greek scientist Leucippus known for?

A

He expanded the concepts of Anaximenes and proposed that all matter is composed of units called atoms. He is known as the father of atomic theory.

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8
Q

What was the Greek scientist Democritus known for?

A

Democritus used the illustration of sand to explain the concept of atoms.

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9
Q

What is density?

A

A measure of how tightly packed the matter in a substance is.

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10
Q

What was the Greek scientist Aristotle known for?

A

Philosophy, mathematics, logic, and physics. He also attempted to classify plants and animals.

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11
Q

What is spontaneous generation and who proposed the idea?

A

Spontaneous generation is the idea that living organisms can be spontaneously formed from non-living substances proposed by Aristotle..

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12
Q

What was the Greek scientist Archimedes known for?

A

Archimedes is known for his work with fluids. He noticed that solid items displace an equal volume of water.

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13
Q

What was the Greek scientist Ptolemy known for?

A

Ptolemy studies the heavens and attempted to describe the planets and stars. He proposed the geocentric system.

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14
Q

What is the geocentric system?

A

A belief that the earth was at the center of the universe.

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15
Q

What is alchemy?

A

“Science” during the Dark Ages in which people looked for a means by which lead could be changed into gold.

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16
Q

What is a chemical reaction?

A

A reaction in which one or more substances interact to form one or more new substances.

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17
Q

Who are responsible for the first encyclopedias?

A

Roman Catholic Monks who preserved vast amounts of scientific knowledge.

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18
Q

What two things does scientific progress depend upon?

A

Scientific progress depends not only on scientists, but it also depends on government and culture. Science progresses by building on the work of previous scientists.

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19
Q

What was Robert Grosseteste known for?

A

Robert Grosseteste was a bishop in the Roman Catholic Church in the early 1200s A.D., and he was deeply committed to the idea that the secrets of the natural world could be learned by discovering the laws that God had set in motion. Sometimes called the father of the Scientific Method.

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20
Q

What was Dietrich Von Freiberg known for?

A

Dietrich Von Freiberg, built on Grosseteste’s work and was able to offer an explanation for why a rainbow appears in the sky.

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21
Q

What was Roger Bacon known for?

A

Bacon, a Roman Catholic theologian, had a strong belief that science could be used to support the reality of Christianity.

22
Q

What was Thomas Bradwardine known for?

A

Bradwardine was a bishop in the Roman Catholic Church and a theologian who questioned much of the Roman Catholic Church’s teachings. Bradwardine was one of the first scientists to examine many of Aristotle’s ideas critically.

23
Q

What was Nicholas of Cusa known for?

A

Cusa, a Roman Catholic Priest, was particularly interested in the idea that God was infinite. He studied the planets and stars thinking they were the oldest things in the universe.

24
Q

What was Nicolaus Copernicus known for?

A

Copernicus placed the sun at the center of everything and assumed that the planets (including the earth) traveled around the sun. This view was called the heliocentric ( system, because Helios is the Greek god of the sun.

25
Q

What was Andreas Vesalius known for?

A

Andreas Vesalius published a book that tried to show all the details of the human body. It contained incredibly detailed and amazingly accurate illustrations of the organs, muscles, and skeleton of the human body.

26
Q

What was Johannes Kepler know for?

A

Kepler made detailed observations of the planets. His observations were so detailed that he was able to deduce the basic orbits the planets use to travel around the sun.

27
Q

What do Kepler’s Laws show about the planet’s orbit?

A

The orbits are in the shape of an ellipse with the sun at one focus.

28
Q

What was Galileo Galilei known for?

A

Galileo Galilei did detailed experiments about motion, started seriously compiling evidence in favor of the heliocentric system, and improved on the telescope.

29
Q

What was Blaise Pascal known for?

A

Blaise Pascal was a brilliant philosopher, mathematician, and scientist. He discovered atmospheric pressure. In his studies of fluids, he demonstrated a law that we now call “Pascal’s Law.”

30
Q

What was Sir Isaac Newton known for?

A

Newton was a devout Christian who studied science to learn about God. He was drawn to the book of Daniel. His revolutionary scientific work included the three-volume set, Principia. Volume 1 contains Newton’s Laws of Motion. The second volume expands on Pascal’s work in fluids. The third volume contains his Universal Gravitation Law. He also invented calculus.

31
Q

What was Robert Boyle known for?

A

Robert Boyle, the founder of modern chemistry, formulate laws for gasses which are still in use today.

32
Q

What was Antoni van Leeuwenhoek known for?

A

Leeuwenhoek built the first microscope.

33
Q

What was the Enlightenment?

A

A period during the Industrial Revolution when scientists started questioning the work of past scientists as well as the Bible.

34
Q

What was Carolus Linnaeus known for?

A

Carolus Linnaeus, a devout Christian, tried to classify all living creatures that had been studied.

35
Q

What is Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier known for?

A

Antione Lavoisier is know for his work with chemical reactions. He proposed the Law of Mass Conservation. He also explained the process of combustion.

36
Q

What was John Dalton known for?

A

Dalton, a Quaker, is sometimes called the founder of modern atomic theory for his work with atoms.

37
Q

What was the Industrial Revolution?

A

A time in history during the 1700’s and 1800’s when scientists invented machines that made work faster and more productive.

38
Q

What was Charles Darwin most known for?

A

Charles Darwin was know for his book, The Origin of Species, in which he proposed the theory of evolution.

39
Q

What does “immutability of species” mean and who proved it wrong?

A

Immutability of species basically means that living creatures stay exactly the same throughout history. Darwin proved this was not true.

40
Q

What is the process called whereby a species adapts to its environment?

A

The process of adaptation is called natural selection.

41
Q

What was Louis Pasteur known for?

A

Louis Pasteur studied bacteria and destroyed the idea of spontaneous generation.

42
Q

What is pasteurization?

A

A process developed by Louis Pasteur which keeps milk and wine from spoiling.

43
Q

What is geology?

A

The study of rocks.

44
Q

What was Sir Charles Lyell known for?

A

Lyell is know for advancing Darwin’s theory of evolution by postulating millions of years for earth’s history.

45
Q

What is Gregor Mendel know for?

A

Gregor Mendel is known for his work in genetics, which is the study of how traits are passed from parents to children.

46
Q

What is Michael Faraday known for?

A

Michael Faraday is known for his experiments with electricity.

47
Q

What is James Clerk Maxwell known for?

A

James Clerk Maxwell is known as the founder of modern physics because he showed electricity and magnetism (electromagnetism) are related.

48
Q

What is James Joule known for?

A

James Joule is known for his discovering the First Law of Thermodynamics which states that energy, like matter, cannot be created or destroyed.

49
Q

What is Max Planck known for?

A

Max Planck is known for proposing that energy exists in tiny packets called quanta.

50
Q

What is Albert Einstein known for?

A

Albert Einstein used the quantum mechanics to explain the photoelectric effect. He is also known for his special theory of relativity which explains how matter is another from of energy. In addition, his general theory of relativity shows how gravity works.

51
Q

What is Niels Bohr known for?

A

Niels Bohr is known for developing a mathematical model of an atom.

Apologia General Science (3 decks)

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