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Human Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Topics of Anatomy

What are the three essential concepts to human anatomy & physiology?

A
  1. The complementarity of structure and function
  2. The hierarchy of structural organization
  3. Homeostasis
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2
Q

(T.O.A)

What is Anatomy?

A

Anatomy studies the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another.

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3
Q

(T.O.A)

What is Physiology?

A

Physiology concerns the function of the body. i.e. how the body parts work and how they carry out their life sustaining activities. ( body temp., heart rate)

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4
Q

(T.O.A)

Gross / Macroscopic Anatomy?

A

The study of large body structures visible to the naked eye. ( heart, lungs, kidney)

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5
Q

(T.O.A)

Regional Anatomy?

A

All the structures (muscles, bones, blood, vessels, nerves, etc.) in a particular region of the body, such as abdomen or leg are examined at the same time.

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6
Q

(T.O.A)

Systemic Anatomy ?

A

Body structure is studied system by system.

ex.- when studying the cardiovascular system, you would examine the heart and the blood vessels of the entire body.

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7
Q

(T.O.A)

Surface Anatomy ?

A

Subdivision of Gross Anatomy- studying the internal structures as the relate to the overlying skin surface.
ex.- when examining muscles, which is used to locate blood vessels to feel a pulse or draw blood.

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8
Q

(T.O.A)

Microscopic Anatomy ?

A

Examines structures that are to small to see with the naked eye. (examine with a microscope)

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9
Q

(T.O.A)

Cytology & Histology as they pertain to Microscopic Anatomy? ( a subcategory)

A

Cytology– considers the cells of the body

Histology– the study of tissues

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10
Q

(T.O.A)

Developmental Anatomy?

A

Traces structural changes that occur throughout the life span.

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11
Q

(T.O.A)

Embryology? (Subcategory of Developmental Anatomy)

A

Concerns developmental changes that occur before birth.

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12
Q

(T.O.A)

Pathological Anatomy?

A

Studies structural changes caused by disease

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13
Q

(T.O.A)

Radiographic Anatomy?

A

Studies internal structures by XRAYS or specialized scanning procedures.

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14
Q

(T.O.A)

Palpation? (manipulation)

A

feeling organs with your hands

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15
Q

(T.O.A)

Auscultation? (observation)

A

listening to organ sounds with a stethoscope

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16
Q

Topics of Physiology- (T.O.P)

  1. Renal Physiology
  2. Neurophysiology
  3. Cardiovascular physiology
A
  1. concerns kidney function and urine production
  2. explains the working of the nervous system
  3. examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels
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17
Q

The key concept that states Anatomy & Physiology are inseparable because function always reflects structure?

A

Principle Complementarity of Structure and Function

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18
Q

What are the 6 levels of structural organization/hierarchy? (in order, and describe each level.)

A
  1. Chemical Level- Atoms combine to form molecules
  2. Cellular Level- Cells are made up of molecules
  3. Tissue Level- Tissues consist of similar types of cells
  4. Organ Level- organs are made up of different types of tissues
  5. Organ System Level- organ systems consist of different organs that work closely together
  6. Organismal Level- the human organism is made up of many organ systems.
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19
Q

5 Organ systems that contribute to necessary life functions.

Interrelationships among body organ systems

A
  1. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
  2. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
  3. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
  4. CARDIOVASUCLAR SYSTEM
  5. URINARY SYSTEM
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20
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM?

A

Takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and eliminates unabsorbed matter ( feces )

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21
Q

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM?

A

Takes in Oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide

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22
Q

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM?

A

Protects the body as a whole from the external environment

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23
Q

CARDIOVASUCLAR SYSTEM?

A

Via the blood, distributes the oxygen and nutrients to all body cells and delivers wastes carbon dioxide to disposal organs

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24
Q

URINARY SYSTEM?

A

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes and excess ions.

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25
Q

5 survival needs to maintain life?

A
  1. Nutrients
  2. Oxygen
  3. Water
  4. Appropriate Temperature
  5. Atmospheric Pressure
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26
Q

What does HOMEOSTASIS describe?

A

The ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously.

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27
Q

What are the 5 component of Homeostatic Control System & what do they do?

A
  1. Stimulus- produces change in variable
  2. Receptor- detects change from the stimulus
  3. Input- Sends the detected change along the AFFERENT PATHWAY to control center
  4. Output- Information sent along EFFERENT PATHWAY to effector.
  5. Response- of effector feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and return variable to homeostatic level.
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28
Q

Effector?

A

Provides the means for the control centers response to the stimulus.

29
Q

Control Center?

A

determines the set point, which is the level or range at which a variable is able to be maintained.

30
Q

Afferent Pathway?

A

Information sent to the control center.

31
Q

Efferent Pathway ?

A

Information exiting the control center.

32
Q

What are Negative Feedback Mechanisms?

A

Most homeostatic control mechanisms are negative feedback mechanisms. in these systems, the output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces its intensity.

33
Q

What are Positive Feedback Mechanisms?

A

The result or response enhances the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated. ( the change result proceeds in the same direction as the initial change.)

34
Q

what is Homeostatic Imbalance?

A

It is a condition that most diseases can be regarded as a result of its disturbance.

35
Q

What is the Anatomical Position? (directional term)

A

A standard body position in which the body is erect with feet slightly apart. (standing at attention)

36
Q

what are the fundamental divisions of the body?

A

Axial part & Appendicular part

37
Q

What is the Axial Parts? (Regional Term)

A

it makes up the main axis of our body, which include the head, neck, and trunk.

38
Q

What is the Appendicular Parts? ( Regional Terms)

A

Consist of the appendages or limbs which are attached to the body’s axis.

39
Q

Sagittal plane?

A

Ia a vertical plane that divides the body into left and right parts.

40
Q

Median plane / midsagittal plane?

A

it is a sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline

41
Q

Parasagittal plane?

A

it is all other sagittal planes, offset from the midline. (para=near)

42
Q

Frontal plane?

A

They divide the body into anterior and posterior parts. they also lie vertically.

43
Q

Traverse / Horizontal plane?

A

they divide the body horizontally into superior and inferior parts.

44
Q

Cross section?

A

is also another name for a traverse section

45
Q

Oblique sections?

A

are cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and the vertical planes because the oblique sections are often confusing and difficult to interpret. ( MRI SCANS)

46
Q

Dorsal body Cavity?

A

Protects the fragile nervous system organs. also has to subdivisions which are the Cranial and vertebral cavities.

47
Q

Cranial Cavity?

A

1 of 2 subdivisions of the dorsal body cavity, which contains the brain.

48
Q

Vertebral / Spinal Cavity?

A

1 of 2 subdivisions of the dorsal body cavity, which contains the spinal cord

49
Q

Ventral Body Cavity?

A

the more anterior and larger of the closed body cavities, which has two subdivisions. the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity. it also houses the internal organs collectively.

50
Q

Viscera?

A

Houses internal organs collectively ( viscus= an organ in a body cavity)

51
Q

Thoracic Cavity?

A

it is the superior subdivision which is surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest. it also is subdivided into the lateral pleural cavities.

52
Q

Pleural Cavities?

A

lateral each enveloping a lung, and the medial mediastinum.

53
Q

Mediastinum?

A

contains the pericardial cavity.

54
Q

Pericardial Cavity?

A

which encloses the heart, and also surrounds the remaining thoracic organs.

55
Q

Abdominopelvic Cavity?

A

it is the inferior within the thoracic cavity and is separated by the diaphragm, and has two parts to it. the (superior) abdominal and the (inferior) pelvic cavities.

56
Q

Abdominal Cavity?

A

is the superior within the abdominopelvic cavity and contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs.

57
Q

Pelvic Cavity?

A

is the inferior within the abdominopelvic cavity and lies in the boney pelvis. contains the urinary bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum.

58
Q

Serosa / Serous Membrane?

A

is the walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains are covered by a thin, double layered membrane.

59
Q

Parietal Serosa?

A

is the part of the membrane lining the cavity walls

60
Q

Visceral Serosa?

A

The membrane of the parietal serosa folds in on itself to cover the organs within the cavity.

61
Q

Serous Fluid?

A

separates the serous membranes by a thin layer of lubricating fluid (not air)

62
Q

What are the four Abdominopelvic Quadrants?

A
  1. right upper quadrant (RUQ)
  2. right lower quadrant (RLQ)
  3. left upper quadrant (LUQ)
  4. left lower quadrant (LLQ
63
Q

What are the 9 regions delineated by four planes?

A
  1. right hypochondriac region
  2. right lumbar region
  3. right iliac (inguinal) region
  4. epigastric region
  5. umbilical region
  6. hypogastric (public) region
  7. left hypochondriac region
  8. left lumbar region
  9. left iliac (inguinal) region
64
Q

Oral and digestive Cavities?

A

( the mouth) contains teeth and tongue. this cavity is part of a continuous cavity of the digestive organs, which opens to the body exterior at the anus.

65
Q

Nasal Cavity?

A

Located within and posterior to the nose, and is part of the respiratory system.

66
Q

Orbital Cavities?

A

are the orbits within the skull that contain the eyes and present them in an anterior position.

67
Q

Middle ear Cavities?

A

they lie just medial to the eardrums. these cavities contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ears.

68
Q

Synovial Cavities?

A

they are joint cavities. they are enclosed within fibrous capsules that surround freely movable joints of the body (knee or elbow joints) they are also lubricated by fluid that reduces friction.

Human Anatomy & Physiology (1 decks)

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