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My Gen Path > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

___ is the study of dis-ease (suffering)

A

Pathology

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2
Q

___ is the origin of disease: “why”

A

Etiology

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3
Q

___ is the steps in development: “how”

A

Pathogenesis

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4
Q

The two types of cellular adaptations to stress are ___ & ___

A

physiologic, pathologic

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5
Q

Breast growth during pregnancy is an example of a ___ adaptation to stress.

A

physiologic

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6
Q

Streptococcal pharyngitis is an example of a ___ adaptation to stress.

A

pathologic

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7
Q

The 4 cellular adaptations to stress

A

Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, Atrophy, Metaplasia

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8
Q

The 2 types of cellular injury

A

Reversible, Irreversible

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9
Q

Smoking causes a form of ___ cell injury

A

reversible

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10
Q

Lung cancer causes a form ___ cell injury

A

irreversible

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11
Q

___ is the term used to describe observable characteristics or traits

A

Phenotype

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12
Q

___ is the term used to describe an increase in the size of a cell.

A

Hypertrophy

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13
Q

Hypertrophy can result from ___ &/or ___

A

overloading, increase in growth factors

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14
Q

Weight lifting would cause a ___ hypertrophic adaptation

A

physiologic

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15
Q

Hypertension would cause a ___ hypertrophic adaptation in cardiac myocytes

A

pathologic

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16
Q

___ is the term used to describe an increase in the number of cells

A

Hyperplasia

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17
Q

Hyperplasia can result from ___ &/or ___ factors

A

hormonal, compensatory

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18
Q

Female breast growth and liver response after partial donation, are both examples of ___ hyperplasia adaptations

A

physiologic

19
Q

Wart formation from human papillomavirus (HPV) is an example of a ___ hyperplasia adaptation

A

pathologic

20
Q

___ is the term used to describe a decrease in cell size

A

Atrophy

21
Q

Atrophy can result from ___, ___, ___, ___, &/or ___

A

disuse, denervation, ischemia, hormone imbalance, aging

22
Q

___ is the term used for the reversible replacement of 1 mature (differentiated/adult) cell type by another.

A

Metaplasia

23
Q

Injury occurs:
A) Once stressors exceed a cell’s ability to adapt
B) Once stressors directly induce abnormalities

A

Both A & B

24
Q

In ___ cell injury there is no damage to the cell membrane or nucleus.

A

reversible

25
Q

In ___ cell injury there is damage to the mitochondrial membranes. It may result in either necrosis or apoptosis.

A

irreversible

26
Q

___ is the term used for nuclear fading

A

Karyolysis

27
Q

___ is the term used for nuclear shrinkage

A

Pyknosis

28
Q

___ is the term used for nuclear fragmentation

A

Karyorrhexis

29
Q

In necrosis the cell size is ___, the nucleus is ___, and the plasma membrane is ___

A

increased; dissoluted (karyolysis, pyknosis, karyorrhexis); dist

30
Q

In apoptosis the cell size is ___, the nucleus is ___, and the plasma membrane is ___

A

decreased; fragmented into nucleosome size fragments; intact

31
Q

Morphologic patterns including: coagulative, gangrenous, liquefactive, caseous, fat, and fibrinoid, are indicative or which type of cell death?

A

Necrosis

32
Q

___ necrosis includes vascular occlusion & preserved tissue structure.

A

coagulative/ischemic

33
Q

___ necrosis includes gangrene (coagulative necrosis in an extremity).

A

Gangrenous

34
Q

___ necrosis includes completely digested dead cells, and WBC enzymes that produce a viscous liquid mass.

A

Liquefactive

35
Q

The most common type of infections causing liquefactive necrosis are:
A) Bacterial
B) Fungal

A

A) Bacterial

36
Q

___ necrosis is typical of tuberculosis infections

A

Caseous

37
Q

___ necrosis is characterized by localized fat destruction (i.e. acute pancreatitis, trauma to breast)

A

Fat

38
Q

___ necrosis includes autoimmune reactions and weakened blood vessels. It requires histologic examination

A

Fibrinoid

39
Q

The two pathways in apoptosis are ___ (intrinsic) and ___ (extrinsic). With the most common being ___

A

mitochondrial; death receptor; mitochondrial (intrinsic)

40
Q

Caspase ___ is related to the mitochondrial (intrinsic) pathway of apoptosis

A

9

41
Q

Caspase ___ is related to the death receptor (extrinsic) pathway of apoptosis

A

8

42
Q

___ is a lysosomal digestion of a cell’s components. It is a survival mechanism during nutrient deprivation & is also a way to rid the cell of misfolded proteins.

A

Autophagy

43
Q

9 mechanisms of cellular injury

A
  1. ATP depletion
  2. Mitochondrial damage
  3. Influx of calcium
  4. Oxidative stress
  5. Defects in membrane permeability
  6. DNA & protein damage
  7. Ischemia & hypoxic injury
  8. Iscemia-reprofusion injury
  9. Chemical (toxic) injury

My Gen Path (2 decks)

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