Chapter 1 Flashcards
___ is the study of dis-ease (suffering)
Pathology
___ is the origin of disease: “why”
Etiology
___ is the steps in development: “how”
Pathogenesis
The two types of cellular adaptations to stress are ___ & ___
physiologic, pathologic
Breast growth during pregnancy is an example of a ___ adaptation to stress.
physiologic
Streptococcal pharyngitis is an example of a ___ adaptation to stress.
pathologic
The 4 cellular adaptations to stress
Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, Atrophy, Metaplasia
The 2 types of cellular injury
Reversible, Irreversible
Smoking causes a form of ___ cell injury
reversible
Lung cancer causes a form ___ cell injury
irreversible
___ is the term used to describe observable characteristics or traits
Phenotype
___ is the term used to describe an increase in the size of a cell.
Hypertrophy
Hypertrophy can result from ___ &/or ___
overloading, increase in growth factors
Weight lifting would cause a ___ hypertrophic adaptation
physiologic
Hypertension would cause a ___ hypertrophic adaptation in cardiac myocytes
pathologic
___ is the term used to describe an increase in the number of cells
Hyperplasia
Hyperplasia can result from ___ &/or ___ factors
hormonal, compensatory
Female breast growth and liver response after partial donation, are both examples of ___ hyperplasia adaptations
physiologic
Wart formation from human papillomavirus (HPV) is an example of a ___ hyperplasia adaptation
pathologic
___ is the term used to describe a decrease in cell size
Atrophy
Atrophy can result from ___, ___, ___, ___, &/or ___
disuse, denervation, ischemia, hormone imbalance, aging
___ is the term used for the reversible replacement of 1 mature (differentiated/adult) cell type by another.
Metaplasia
Injury occurs:
A) Once stressors exceed a cell’s ability to adapt
B) Once stressors directly induce abnormalities
Both A & B
In ___ cell injury there is no damage to the cell membrane or nucleus.
reversible
In ___ cell injury there is damage to the mitochondrial membranes. It may result in either necrosis or apoptosis.
irreversible
___ is the term used for nuclear fading
Karyolysis
___ is the term used for nuclear shrinkage
Pyknosis
___ is the term used for nuclear fragmentation
Karyorrhexis
In necrosis the cell size is ___, the nucleus is ___, and the plasma membrane is ___
increased; dissoluted (karyolysis, pyknosis, karyorrhexis); dist
In apoptosis the cell size is ___, the nucleus is ___, and the plasma membrane is ___
decreased; fragmented into nucleosome size fragments; intact
Morphologic patterns including: coagulative, gangrenous, liquefactive, caseous, fat, and fibrinoid, are indicative or which type of cell death?
Necrosis
___ necrosis includes vascular occlusion & preserved tissue structure.
coagulative/ischemic
___ necrosis includes gangrene (coagulative necrosis in an extremity).
Gangrenous
___ necrosis includes completely digested dead cells, and WBC enzymes that produce a viscous liquid mass.
Liquefactive
The most common type of infections causing liquefactive necrosis are:
A) Bacterial
B) Fungal
A) Bacterial
___ necrosis is typical of tuberculosis infections
Caseous
___ necrosis is characterized by localized fat destruction (i.e. acute pancreatitis, trauma to breast)
Fat
___ necrosis includes autoimmune reactions and weakened blood vessels. It requires histologic examination
Fibrinoid
The two pathways in apoptosis are ___ (intrinsic) and ___ (extrinsic). With the most common being ___
mitochondrial; death receptor; mitochondrial (intrinsic)
Caspase ___ is related to the mitochondrial (intrinsic) pathway of apoptosis
9
Caspase ___ is related to the death receptor (extrinsic) pathway of apoptosis
8
___ is a lysosomal digestion of a cell’s components. It is a survival mechanism during nutrient deprivation & is also a way to rid the cell of misfolded proteins.
Autophagy
9 mechanisms of cellular injury
- ATP depletion
- Mitochondrial damage
- Influx of calcium
- Oxidative stress
- Defects in membrane permeability
- DNA & protein damage
- Ischemia & hypoxic injury
- Iscemia-reprofusion injury
- Chemical (toxic) injury
