Chapter 1 Flashcards
Biology
Study of life/living things
six kingdoms of organisms
Archaea, bacteria, protista, fungi, plantea, and animalia
Archaea
Kingdom of prokaryotes includes this methanogen, which manufactures methane.
(simple cells that do not have nuclei)
Bacteria
This group is the second of the two prokaryotic kingdoms.
Two kingdoms that belong to prokaryotes groups
Archaea and bacteria
Protista
Include most of the unicellular eukaryotes as well as multicellular algea
Whose cells contain a nucleus
Fungi
Contains nonphotosynthetic organisms, mostly multicellular
**These kingdoms digest their food externally such as mushrooms
Plantea
Contains photosynthetic multicellular organisms that are primarily terrestrial, such as flowering plants
Animalia
nonphotosynthetic multicellular organisms that digest their food internally such as a mountain goat
different ways to study the diversity of life
Live with gorillas, collect fossils, listen to whales, etc…, isolate bacteria, grow mushrooms and examine the structure of fruit flies, read messages encoded in the long molecules of heredity
Note***
the living world is very diverse, but all organisms share key properties. However each kingdom is profoundly different
Note***
All living things posses cells that carry out metabolism, mantain stable internal conditions, reproduce, and use dna to transmit hereditary informationto offspring
Five basic properties that are shared by living things
Cellular orgainzations Metabolism homeostasis Growth and reproduction Heredity
Cellular organization
all living things are composed of one or more cells
Membrane
A tiny compartment with a thin covering
Note***
Some cells have simple interiors, while others are complexly organized, but ALL are able to grow and reproduce
Note***
A human body can contain 10-100 trillion cells
Metabolism
The transfer of energy from one form to another in cells. All living things use energy, captured from sunlight by plants, algae, and certain bacteria through photosynthesis. to get energy that powers our lives, we extract it from plants or from animals that eat plants or that eat plant-eating animals
Notes* ex
A kingfisher bird obtains the the energy it needs to move, grow, and carry out its body processes by eating fish that eat algae. The bird metabolizes this food using chemical processes that occur within cells
ATP
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Homeostasis
All living things maintain stable internal conditions so that their complex processes can be better coordinated
Note** Homeostasis
Your body will try to maintain an internal temperature of around 37C/98.6F reguardless of how hot or cold the weather may be
Growth and reproduction
All living things grow and reproduce. Bacteria will split into two as it increases in size approx every 15 minutes. More complex organisms grow by increasing the number of cells and reproduce sexually by producing gametes that combine giving rise to offspring
Note***
The Bristlecone pine of california have reproduced after 4.600 years by increasing the number of cells and reproducing via gametes
Heredity
All organism posses a genetic system that is based on a long molecule called DNA
The info that determines what an individual organism will be like is contained in a code that is dictated by the order of the subunits making up the DNA molecules
Gene
Each set of instructions within the DNA
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid–a long molecule that includes the genetic system
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Hierarchy of increasing complexity
Complexity of life at three levels
Cellular level
Organismal level
Populational level
Cellular level from smallest to largest
Atoms Molecules Macromolecules organelles cells
Atoms
The fundmental elements of matter
ie: hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen
Molecules
Atoms that are joined together into complex clusters
ie: Adenine
Macromolecules
Large complex molecules such as DNA that stores hereditary info
ieDNA
Organelles
Complex bilogical colecules that are assembled into tiny compartments within cells such as nucleus within which the cell’s DNA is stored
ie: nucleus
Cells
Organelles and other elements that are assembled into membrane-bounded units
Cells are the smallest level of organization that can be considered alive
ie: Nerve cell
What is the smallest level of organization that can be considered “alive”
Cells
Four levels in organismal level
Tissues
Organs
Organ systems
Organism
Tissues
Groups of similar cells that act as a functional unit
- *the most basic level
ie: nerve tissue composed of cells called neurons that carry electrical signals
Organs
grouped tissues which are body structures composed of several different tissues that form a structural and functional unit
ie: your brain is an organ composed of nerve cells and a variety of connective tissues that form protective coverings and distribute blood
Organ System
Organs that are grouped into organ systems
ie: The nervous system which consist of sensory organs, the brain and spinal cord, neurons that convey signals throughout the body, and supporting cells
Organism
organ systems that function together to form an organism
ie: A duck
Four levels in a population level
Population
Species
Community
Ecosystem
Population
a group of organisms of the same species living in the same place
ie: A flock of geese living together on a pond
Species
All the populations of a particular kind of organsim together form a species. Its members similar in appearence and able to interbreed.
ie: All Canadain geese, whether found in Minnesota, Wisconsin, or Canada are basically the same members of the species Branta Canadensis
Sandhill cranes are a different species
Branta Canadensis
Canadien Geese
Community
A higher level of biological organization. A communtiy living in the same place but are not similar in species
ie: Geese living on the same pond with ducks, insects, and fish
Ecosystem
The highest tier of the biological organization, a biological community and the soil and water within which it lives together consitutes an ecological system or ecosystem
Emergent Properties
At each higher level in the living heirarchy, novel properties emerg, properties that were not present at the simpler level of organization.
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