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Sociology Chapter 1-4 > Chapter 1-4 Vocabulary > Flashcards

Chapter 1-4 Vocabulary Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

sociology

A

the discipline that attempts to understand the forces outside us that shape our lives, interests, and personalities.

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2
Q

Social Determinism

A

The assumption that human behavior is explained exclusively by social factors.

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3
Q

human agency

A

individuals that actively shape social life by adapting to, negotiating with, and changing social structures.

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4
Q

sociological imagination

A

a book written by C. Wright Mills, which discusses that the task of sociology is to realize that individual circumstances are linked to the structure of society.

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5
Q

positivism

A

knowledge based on systematic observation, experiment, and comparison

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6
Q

social facts

A

social factors that exist external to individuals such as tradition, values, laws, religious ideology, and population.

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7
Q

false consciousness

A

believing in ideas that are not in a group’s objective interest but rather in the objective interest of the capitalist class.

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8
Q

class consciousness

A

when a class recognizes their class interests, common oppression, and an understanding of who the oppressors are.

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9
Q

charisma

A

expressive qualities of individual leaders.

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10
Q

sociological theory

A

a set of ideas that explains a range of human behavior and a variety of social and societal events.

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11
Q

value neutrality

A

to be absolutely free of bias in research

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12
Q

sample

A

a representative part of a population

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13
Q

variable

A

attitude, behavior, or condition that can vary in magnitude and significance from case to case

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14
Q

longitudinal surveys

A

special type of research that collects information about the same person over many years.

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15
Q

social organizations

A

refers to the ways in which human conduct becomes socially organized

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16
Q

social structure

A

the structure of behavior in groups and society

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17
Q

culture

A

the shared beliefs of group members that unite them and guide their behavior

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18
Q

aggregate

A

a collection of individuals who happen to be at the same place and time

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19
Q

group

A

a collection of people who because of because of sustained interaction, have evolved a common structure and culture

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20
Q

social interaction

A

the actions of one person affect another person

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21
Q

social relationship

A

a case of enduring social interaction that can occur from a number of reasons such as religion, common interests, or just being neighbors

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22
Q

social roles

A

expectations that group members have of individuals occupying the various positions within the group

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23
Q

norms

A

rules that specify appropriate/inappropriate behaviors

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24
Q

folkways

A

minor rules that groups can have like a church having wine at communion being acceptable but beer isn’t

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25
Q

Mores

A

more important norms that violation may cause severe punishment and often deal with morality like stealing, disloyalty, or bringing shame to the group

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26
Q

status

A

the bestowing of a social identity from the positions within groups.

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27
Q

hierarchy

A

the arrangement of people in order of importance and can include job titles, and placement in various organizations.

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28
Q

master status

A

a status that has exceptional significance for social identity, and which trumps all others when a situation or individual is judged by others.

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29
Q

Role

A

behavior expected of a person occupying a status in a group

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30
Q

sanctions

A

social punishments for approved or disproved behavior that may be lifted as a reward

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31
Q

social group

A

organization created through enduring and patterned interaction

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32
Q

primary groups

A

groups whose member are most intimately involved with each other

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33
Q

Secondary Groups

A

much larger and more impersonal than primary groups

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34
Q

bureaucracy

A

a hierarchical formal organization characterized by rationality and efficiency

35
Q

Mcdonaldization

A

coined by sociologist George Ritzer it means the process by which the principles of the fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society as well as the rest of the world

36
Q

Iron Cage of Rationality

A

The idea that bureaucracies can be dehumanizing since they would trap people in rational systems devoid of creativity. (Max Weber feared this)

37
Q

Egoistic suicide

A

when an individual has minimal ties to a social group. The person is alone, lacks group goals and group support. Causing more distress and statistically leads to suicide more than a person that has people around them.

38
Q

Altruistic suicide

A

When your life is given even when it is irrational for the group. Such as japanese kamikaze pilots giving their lives for their country by suicide bombing.

39
Q

anomic suicide

A

When you are thrown into a extreme amount of change such as sudden poverty, divorce, or widowhood. It causes a change in life perspective, and can make you more likely to commit suicide.

40
Q

anomic

A

normlessness (basically you are free from previous rules or norms and no longer know what to do)

41
Q

society

A

the largest social organization to which people owe their allegiance

42
Q

social system

A

composed of interdependent parts that are linked together into a boundary-maintaining whole.

43
Q

social stratification

A

the hierarchical arrangement of people in terms of power, prestige, and resources.

44
Q

institutions

A

social arrangements that channel behavior in prescribed ways in the important areas of social life.

45
Q

Order Model (functionalism)

A

attributes to societies that all parts of the system are in harmony and work together to form order, and if this order is disrupted the parts with adjust to produce a new stable order.

46
Q

manifest consequence

A

punishing and deterring the criminal

47
Q

latent consequence

A

unintended consequence of punishment

48
Q

conflict model

A

the view that society that posits conflict as a normal feature of social life, influencing the distribution of power and the direction and magnitude of social change. Based not on cooperation but competition. Karl Marx was the most famous conflict model theorist

49
Q

social problems

A

societally induced conditions that harm any segment of the population, or acts, or conditions that violate the norms and values of society (poverty, homelessness , and discrimination)

50
Q

instrumental process

A

the desire for technological change to find new and more efficient techniques to achieve goals.

51
Q

institutional process

A

the process to make our lives have more certainty even though they also restrict our freedoms. The ideas of monotheism, monogamy, sovereign states. All restrict our lives but also are assumed proper by almost all individuals in U.S. society because of their certainty and “security” they give.

52
Q

dialectic

A

the opposing forces of society. The instrumental process often generates tension with the institutional because of it is constantly prodding at the institutions to change when it is not its nature to do so.

53
Q

myth of peaceful progress

A

the incorrect belief that throughout u.s. history disadvantaged groups have gained their share of power, prosperity, and respectability without violence. This NEVER happens

54
Q

functional integration

A

because different groups rely on each other such as (worker-factory-raw materials-customer) they try to maximize benefits leading to cooperation and this helps stitch society together.

55
Q

co-optation

A

appointing a member of a dissident group to a policy-making force to appease the dissenting group

56
Q

false consciousness

A

when oppressed people hold beliefs that are damaging to their interests. Such as the rich getting more money will trickle down to everyone else.

57
Q

dysfunctions

A

negative consequences of things such as society or institutions

58
Q

socialization

A

process of learning culture

59
Q

internalization

A

the process in which society’s demands become a part of the individual, acting to control the persons’ behavior. starting at birth

60
Q

reference groups

A

groups in which individuals want to belong to

61
Q

membership groups

A

groups in which individuals DO belong to

62
Q

ethnocentrism

A

universal tendency to depreciate other cultures, and believe that your culture is superior.

63
Q

Material technology

A

knowledge of how to make and use things. Such as the knowledge of how to make and use a table

64
Q

social technology

A

knowledge of how to establish, maintain, and operate the technical aspects of a social organizations.

65
Q

Ethnomethodology

A

sub discipline in sociology that is the scientific study of the commonplace activities of daily life. Such as the “script” that is usually said between a cashier and a customer.

66
Q

values

A

the criteria used in evaluating objects, acts, feelings, or events as to their relative desirability, merit, or correctness

67
Q

ascribed status

A

statuses over the individual in which they have no control over such as race, sex, or age.

68
Q

achieved status

A

an individuals achieved status such as their occupation (phd, big lawyer, major, doctor)

69
Q

social construct of reality

A

meaning is not inherent in an object, and people can learn how to define reality from other people in interaction and leaning of culture`

70
Q

linguistic relativity

A

the idea that language shapes thought

71
Q

cultural relativity

A

the idea that we should not judge other customs of a particular culture according to our standards but in accordance to their own.

72
Q

cultural diffusion

A

the spread of one society’s cultural characteristics to another

73
Q

global culture

A

In short, national boundaries and traditional institutions are becoming increasingly obsolete

74
Q

protestant ethic

A

the religious belief the empathizes hard work and continual striving to prove that one is saved.

75
Q

latent functions

A

unintended consequence

76
Q

manifest functions

A

intended consequences of an activity of social arrangements

77
Q

subculture

A

relativity cohesive cultural system that varies in form and substance from the dominant culture

78
Q

counter culture

A

culturally homogenous group that has developed values and norms that differ from the larger society because the group opposes the larger society

79
Q

Peter burger

A

A theorist that made he social construct of reality and theorized that realty is made by society and that we become what we play

80
Q

Philip zimbardo

A

Theorist known for the prisoner guard experiment and theorized that roles influence social behavior

81
Q

The Thomas theorem

A

That which we treat as real becomes real in its consequences

82
Q

The linguistic relativity hypothesis

A

Words predispose us the perceive the world in many ways

83
Q

Central insights of sociology

A

1) we are thoroughly interconnected

2) things are not always as they appear

Sociology Chapter 1-4 (1 decks)

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