Chapter 1-4 Study guide Flashcards
Examples of biological levels or organization
Atom: Hydrogen
Molecule: H2O
Macromolecule: Protein
Organelle: Smooth ER
Cell: Eukaryotic
Tissue: Nervous
Organ: Stomach
Organ System: Digestive
Organism: Human
What are the active and passive membrane transport mechanisms?
Passive transport: Diffusion, ion/water channel, Gated channel
Active transport: pump-mediated
What is the relationship between feedback loops and homeostasis?
Feedback loops help maintain homeostasis
What is ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is the universal energy currency used by all cells
Difference between isotopes and ions
sotopes: atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons
Ion: an atom that has lost or gain an electron
Structure of isotopes and their importance to diagnostic medicine
Iodine-131: widely used in treating thyroid cancer and in imaging the thyroid also in diagnosis of abnormal liver function
Iron-59: used in iron metabolism in the spleen
Potassium-42: determination of exchangeable potassium in coronary blood flow
Physiological importance and their examples of hydrogen-, ionic-, and covalent bonds
Ionic bonds: exchange of electrons, how salts are formed
covalent bonds: share electrons
nonpolar: share equally (H2, O2, CH4)
polar: shared unequally (water)
hydrogen bonds: the weak attraction between slightly positive hydrogen atoms and slightly negative atom
ex: respiratory problem in premature babies due to high surface tension of water in the lungs
pH scale and characteristics of acids and bases
pH scale: 0-14 is a log scale
Acids: dissolve in water and release H+ ions (1-6)
Bases: dissolves in water and release OH- ions (8-14)
Inorganic vs. organic substance and the 4-organic compounds found in the human body
Inorganic substances: dissolve in H2O to form ions (in the body: H2O, oxygen, carbon dioxide, inorganic salts)
Organic substances: contain Carbon and Hydrogen (Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, & Nucleic Acids)
The relative size of various cell types
- sperm cell = 30 µm^3
- RBC = 100 µm^3
- Lymphocyte = 130 µm^3
- neutrophil = 300 µm^3
- Beta cells = 1,000 µm^3
- Enterocyte = 1,400 µm^3
- Fibroblast = 2,000 µm^3
- HeLa, cervix = 3,000 µm^3
- Hair cell = 4,000 µm^3
- Osteoblast = 4,000 µm^3
- Alveolar macrophage = 5,000 µm^3
- Cardiomyocyte= 15,000 µm^3
- Megakaryocyte = 30,000 µm^3
- fat cell = 600,000 µm^3
- oocyte = 4,000,000 µm^3
What is Cell differentiation, embryonic stem cells
cell differentiation: cells that develop differently from embryonic stem cells
embryonic stem cells: undifferentiated preserved cells from umbilical blood
Cellular organelle functions
Nucleus: protective container for cell’s DNA
Ribosomes: builds proteins
Mitochondria: powerhouse of the cell
cell membrane: controls what molecules are allowed in and out of the cell
cytoplasm: the liquid that fills the cell
Golgi body: receives products from the ER, adds modifications, sorts, and sends products to their final destination
Lysosomes: breaks down large molecules
Rough ER: ribosomes build proteins and the ER helps fold or modify
Smooth ER: puts together lipids
Microtubules & Microfilaments: provides the internal structure and allow cell movement
Functions of membrane proteins
membrane proteins facilitate a variety of cellular functions
- intracellular joining
- enzymatic activity
- transport (active/passive)
-cell-cell recognition
-anchorage/attachment
-signal transduction
Active vs. Passive transport
Active transport: goes from low to high concentration, requires ATP, needs a channel
ex: uniport, cotransport (Na/K pump)
Passive transport: goes from high to low concentration, requires no ATP, has channels
ex: diffusion, osmosis
What is anabolism, catabolism, & metabolism
Anabolism: builds large molecules from small molecules, requires energy (ATP)
- dehydration synthesis: removes H2O to link small molecules
- bonds are covalent
Catabolism: breaks down large molecules to form smaller molecules
- hydrolysis: breaks bonds by adding H2O
- breaking covalent bonds releases ATP
Metabolism: all the physical and chemical processes in the body that convert or use energy
