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Psychology > Chapter 1-4 Exam Study Guide > Flashcards

Chapter 1-4 Exam Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Psychology

A

The scientific study of mind and behavior, both of which depend on processing in the brain

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2
Q

Critical Thinking

A

Systematically evaluating information to reach conclusions based on the evidence presented.

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3
Q

Steps in Critical Thinking

A
  1. What is the claim I am being asked to accept?
  2. What evidence, if any, is provided to support the claim?
  3. Given the evidence, to what extent should the claim be accepted or rejected
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4
Q

Two main questions early philosophers proposed

A

Nature vs Nurture and Mind/Body Problem

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5
Q

Nature vs Nurture?

A

Does biology or the environment determine behavior?

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6
Q

Mind/Body Problem

A

Are the mind/body separate?
Do they interact?
Does the mind control the body or the body control the mind

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7
Q

Structuralism

A

The first school of psychology and focused on breaking down mental processes into the most basic components/The periodic table of consciousness.

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8
Q

Functionalism

A

Asks why and is the idea that the mind is complex and a stream of consciousness.

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9
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Is used to understand unconscious forces, and uses dream analysis and free association. Is not scientific, but contributed to a lot of firsts

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10
Q

Unconscious Forces

A

Things we bury deep in our mind that we don’t realize is there. (Ex: trauma, taboo conflict)

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11
Q

Dream Analysis

A

Letting the patient explain what’s in their dream, to explain the symbolism of them.

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12
Q

Free Association

A

Letting the patient talk to see where their conversation goes.

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13
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A

Handles the mind as the sum of its parts instead of separately. Opposed to structuralism

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14
Q

Behaviorism

A

The study of the things you can see. Opposed to Freudian psychoanalysis

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15
Q

Humanistic Psychology

A

Believe we’re good people at heart, we just need to find it. Also called positive psychology. Created in reaction to behaviorism and psychoanalysis

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16
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

The study of how people think, learn, and remember. Created in reaction to behaviorism and budding technology

17
Q

Social Psychology

A

The study of how people influence other people’s thoughts feelings and actions

18
Q

Scientific Method

A

A systematic procedure of observing and measuring phenomena (observable things). To answer questions about what happens, when it happens, what happens, what causes it, and why. Involves an interaction between theories, hypotheses, and research methods

19
Q

Theory

A

An explanation for why something occurs based on prior data.

20
Q

A good theory is:

A
  1. Supported by data
  2. Falsifiable
  3. Parsimonious
21
Q

Hypothesis

A

A specific testable prediction

22
Q

Five steps in the Scientific Method

A
  1. Formulate/Find a theory
  2. Develop a testable hypothesis
  3. Test with a research method
  4. Analyze the data
  5. Share the results and conduct more research
23
Q

Operation Definition

A

To define exactly how we are going to measure it.

24
Q

Three Types of Operationalization are:

A
  1. Self Report
  2. Observational
  3. Physiological
25
Q

Self Reports

A

Questionnaires, surveys, polls, interviews.

26
Q

Observationals

A

Behavioral. Systematically assessing and coding behavior

27
Q

Physiologicals

A

Heart rate, blood pressure, fMRI, pupil dilation

28
Q

Three Types of Research Methods

A

Descriptive, Correlational, and Experimental methods

29
Q

Descriptive Research

A

Research methods that provide a systematic and objective description of what is occurring. Measuring one variable at a time as it naturally occurs. The only method to use case study.

30
Q

Correlational Research

A

Must be at least two or more variables to argue how they are related to one another/what can one variable tell you about the other. All variables must be measured and not manipulated.

31
Q

Experimental Research

A

Research methods that test causal hypotheses by manipulating independent variables and measuring the effects on dependent variables

32
Q

Descriptive Research Behavior

A
  1. Not manipulating any variables
  2. Not looking at a relationship between two or more variables
  3. Only measuring one variable at a time
33
Q

Correlational Research Behavior

A
  1. Argues that one variable is related to another
  2. At least 2 variables
  3. All variables should be measured - not manipulated
34
Q

Correlation doesn’t = causation because:

A

The directionality problem and the third variable problem

35
Q

Experimental can = causation if:

A

Using random assignment and eliminating confounds

Psychology (2 decks)

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