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Microbiology for Surgical Technology > Chapter 1-4 > Flashcards

Chapter 1-4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cocci

A

Round-shaped

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2
Q

Bacilli

A

Rod-shaped

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3
Q

Spirillium

A

Spiral or Cork screw shaped

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4
Q

Diplococci

A

Cocci in pairs

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5
Q

Bacterial Motility

A

Ability to move

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6
Q

Coagulase Test

A

Enzyme produced by some bacterial species that coagulase (clots) blood plasma. Performed on gram-positive, catalase- positive species of bacteria to definitively identify the coagulase-positive S. aureus species.

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7
Q

Catalase Test

A

An enzyme produced by living cells including a number of species. The presence or absence of catalase in bacterial culture provides an easy identification marker for clinicians.

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8
Q

Test using antisera

A

Enzyme-linked immunabsorbent assays (ELISA’s) and slide agglutination test.

ELISA is used to diagnoise HIV.

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9
Q

Antibodies

A

when a microorganism enters an animals body it stimulates the host’s immune system.

-Proteins in circulatory system that bind with specific bacterium or antigen.

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10
Q

Reducing Media

A

Prevent the destruction of the bacteria in oxygen.

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11
Q

Streptococus Pyogenes

A
  • bacteria that causes strep.

- clear ring around colony where that bacteria break up surrounding erythrocytes.

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12
Q

Differential media

A

Makes it easier to distinguish specific colonies of bacteria in the same Petri Dish.

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13
Q

Blood Agar

A

A combination of nutrient agar and sheep erythrocytes.

  • Used for staphylococcus epidemidis, Diploccus pneumoniae and Clostridium perfringens.
  • enriched media used to identify bacteria that destroy erthrocytes.
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14
Q

Slants

A

agar is allowed to solidify with the thube held at an angle so that the bacteria have a larger surface area growth.

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15
Q

Aerobic

A

with oxygen

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16
Q

MacConkey Agar

A

Both selective and differential medium. Combination of bile salts, lactose, and crystal violet. Gram (-) bacteria are able to ferment lactose and produce pink colonies.

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17
Q

Selective media

A

Prevents the growth of particular species of microbes while allowing the growth of desired species.

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18
Q

Fastidious

A

Needs complex nutrientional requirements.

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19
Q

Chocolate Agar

A

Both an enriched and a selective medium, is a combination of nutrient agar amd powdered hemoglobin.

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20
Q

Anaerobic

A

Without oxygen

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21
Q

Flagella

A

Hair-like bacteria help with motility of the cell. Can’t be seen without stain.

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22
Q

Negative Staining for Capsules Process

A

Procedure involves mixing Indian Ink, provides dark background for viewing the bacteria.

-Indian Ink= negative staining

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23
Q

Special Stains

A

Special structures of microbes, such as spores, flagella, aid in identifying the presence of capsules

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24
Q

Simple Stains

A

Sufficient for determining the shape of bacteria and basic structure.

  • single dye
  • applied to fixed smear
  • rinsed with water
  • dried
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25
Q

Gram Stain

A

can differentiate bacteria into gram positive and negative. Generally 1st stain to be tried.

After staining procedure, either purple or red depending on the chemical composition and thickness of cell wall of bacteria.

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26
Q

Gram (+)

A

Blue to Purple stain result

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27
Q

Gram (-)

A

Red or Pink sain result

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28
Q

Gram-variable Bacteria

A

bacteria that do not stain purple or red

Ex: M. Tuberculosis

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29
Q

Acid-fast stain

A

Binds only to bacteria that have waxy chemical material in their cell wall.

-used to find TB and Myco (fungi) bacterium.

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30
Q

Joseph Lister

A
  • Created aseptic technique
  • wearing of gloves,changing gowns btw cases, cleaning and disinfecting instruments.
  • Phenol used as hand scrub/sterilant
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31
Q

Robert Koch

A
  • Created Koch’s Postulates
  • Worked with bacillus (Rod) anthracis organism that causes anthrax.
  • A specific microbe causes a specific disease.
  • Growth of only 1 type of microbe on a culture medium in a Petri Dish or broth medium.
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32
Q

Organism Kingdom

A 
Plantae-Plants
Animalia-Animals
Protista-single-cell eukaryotes
Monera-single-cell prokaryotes
Fungi

1959

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33
Q

osmotrophic

A

Gets nutrients from things around through osmosis.

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34
Q

3 Domains System of Classification

A
  • Bacteria-single cell prokaryotes
  • Archea (prokaryotes that differs from bacteria in their genetic transcription, translation and are more similar.
  • Eukarya (multi-cell plants and animals; single-cell eukaryotes; single-cell and multi-cell osmotrophic eukaryotes)
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35
Q

Prions

A

Proteinaceaous infectious particules. No cellular structure and no nucleus acids.

causes encepoloathies (brain diseases)

Infects animals and humans.

Prions-infections in humans:

    - Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)
    - Variant (CJD)
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36
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

Invented pasteurization and created Germ Theory of Disease & Aerobic/Anaerobic classification.

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37
Q

Germ Theory of Disease

A

The theory that some diseases was caused by microscopic organism that cannot be seen.

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38
Q

Edward Jenner

A

Invented small pox vaccine

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39
Q

How do vaccines work?

A

once exposed to the disease your body produces antibodies, most effective. The only downfall you lose a percentage of the population.

40
Q

Ignaz Semmelweis

A

implemented practices of routine hand washing with chlorinated lime solution.

41
Q

abiogenesis

A

theory of spontaneous generation (claimed life could arise from non-living material)

42
Q

Golden Age of Microbiology

A
  • Identifying disease caused by organisms
  • Immunization technique
  • method of culturing
  • lab standards
  • Staining procedures
43
Q

Pathological

A

Cause a disease

Ex: E. Coli- opportunistic
Anthrax- non opportunistic

44
Q

Morphology

A

The study of the struture or form of organisms.

-shape, size and arrangement

45
Q

Metric System

A

the standard unit of length based on units of 10.

1 meter= 10 decimeter (dm)= 100 centimeter (cm)= 1,000 milimeters (mm)

46
Q

Examples of sizes Microbes

A

Bacteria 3 micrometers to 0.2 micrometers
Erythroytes 7 micrometers in diameter
Viruses 10 to 300 nanometer
Large protozoa 2,000 micrometers, or 2 nanometers in length.

47
Q

Microbes measured

A

In smaller metric units micrometers, nanometer, and angstrom.

micrometer-0.000001
nanometer-0.000000001
angstrom-0.0000000001

48
Q

Capsules

A

a gelentinous-like covering that many organisms contain. Proteins pathogenic microbes from engulfing in the host body.

49
Q

Virulence

A

Degree to which pathogen can cause disease.

50
Q

Francesco Redi

A

Attempted to disprove abiogenesis (spontaneous generation)

51
Q

Anotonie Van Leeuwenhoek

A
  • 1st to observe and record bacteris and protozoa.
  • termed animalcules
  • 1st accurate drawings of bacteria
52
Q

Robert Hooke

A
  • designed and built a compound microscope
  • began cell theory
  • 1st person to report that cells are the smallest living units.
53
Q

Girolamo Fracastoro

A
  • Published De Contagione et Contagiosis Morbis (On Contagion and Contagious Diseases)
  • Organism spread by direct contact, indirect contact, carried on clothing or airborne.
54
Q

Cell theory

A

living things are composed of cells

55
Q

Categories of Transmission-Based Precaustions

A
  • Contact
  • Airborne
  • Droplet
56
Q

Cutaneous

A

skin

57
Q

2001

A

Bioterrorism

58
Q

1942

A

Germ warfare

59
Q

1928

A

pencillin

60
Q

Hans Gram

A

developed Gram stain

61
Q

Chain of Infection

A

Portal of entry–>Susceptible host–>infectious agent–>reservoir–>portal of exit–>mode of transmission

62
Q

Pencillin

A

1st antibiotic. Invented in 1928. It destroys the membrane of bacteria.

63
Q

Rules of Koch’s Postulate

A
  1. The Microbe is always present in the organism that is sick.
  2. the Microbe can be isolated
  3. The taken microbe infects a new host that displays the same symptoms.
  4. The same microbe can be isolated in the new host.
64
Q

Order of Taxonomic Hierarchy

A 
Top- Species
Genius
Family
Order
Class
Phlyum
Kingdom
Domain-Bottom
65
Q

Binomial Nomenclature

A

Nomenclature- naming

Every organism had 2 names:
-genus-capitalized, noun
-species-lower case, adjective
in italics or underlined

Homo- man
Sapien-wise
Klebsiella- named after Edwin Klebs
Pneumoniae-bacterium

66
Q

Taxonomy

A

Classifying living things.

Why:

  1. to establish relationships btw like organisms.
  2. differiate btw 2 groups of organisms
  3. Classify a previously unknown organism
  • identifies microbe that causes diseases
  • establish a universal language of communication used by scientists.
67
Q

Streak Plate Method

A

Developed by Koch

Loop used to “streak” a pattern over the nutrient medium. As the pattern traced, bacteria are rubbed off the loop onto the medium in fewer numbers. The last few microbes are far enough apart to grow isolated colonies.

68
Q

3 Types of Media

A

Enriched, selective, and differentiate

69
Q

Enriched Media

A

solid or broth- contains nutrients the promote the growth of fastidious organism.

70
Q

Agar

A

used as a thickener to broth growth media

71
Q

Culture Media

A

Controlling things like oxygen, heat, and ph available to bacteria in controlled environment.

72
Q

Compound light microscope

A
  • 2-lens system with light source.
  • High-dry lens for viewing microbes
  • oil immersion objective for viewing bacterial characteristics
73
Q

Dark- field microscope

A

Used when microbes are not visible with light microscope or cannot be stained.

ex: Treponema pallidum

motility is not easily visualized.

74
Q

Electron Microscope

A

Used for visualization of viruses, internal structures of cells in detail and other objects smaller than 0.2 micrometers.

75
Q

Smear

A

Involves the use of a flamed loop to spread bacteria onto a slide.

76
Q

Spore

A

Formed an outer structure, difficult to destroy, resistant to difficult environment condition.

77
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Nucleus, complex, takes a while to split or spread.

ex: plant, animal, cells, ppl, and insects.

78
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Living cells without nucleus membrane, bacteria, cyanobacteria (blue), different cell division. (spread/divide faster)

79
Q

Halphiles

A

salt-loving aerobes

80
Q

Culture

A

a population of microbes on a prepared culture medium conducive to their growth.

81
Q

Mordant

A

a chemical additive added to a stain to increase the effectiveness of the stain.

82
Q

Vibrios

A

comma-shaped or C-shaped

83
Q

Archaea

A

Mainly in extreme environmental conditions such as boiling hot springs, volcanic steam vents, salt marshes, and under glaciers. Termed extremophiles.

84
Q

Facultative

A

changing from anaerobic to aerobic. Can live without oxygen but a little wont kill them.

85
Q

Pleomorphic

A

L shaped or the ability to change shape.

86
Q

Identification of bacteria

A

persense or absense of a cell wall, ability to thrive in the presense of air, and specific variations of size and shape.

87
Q

Streptococci

A

chains or filament forms

88
Q

Staphylococci

A

clusters or sheets

89
Q

Monobacillius

A

single- rod shape

normal indegenous microflora of the intestines.

90
Q

Streptobacilius

A

in chains or filament form.

causes-rat bite fever, septic arthritis

91
Q

palisade

A

in the shape of a stack of rods

causes the upper respiratory disease diptheria

92
Q

Motility

A

The ability of a microbe to move. Bacterial motility is accomplished by use of two of cell structures : flagella and axial filaments.

93
Q

Autotophs

A

Utilized light or chemicals to produce their own nutrients

94
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

use light, as their energy source and CO2 as a carbon source.

ex: eukaryotic plants, algae

95
Q

Chemohetertrophs

A

include most bacteria and all fungi, protozoa and animals that use chemicals as their energy source and organic compounds for a carbon source.

Microbiology for Surgical Technology (1 decks)

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