Chapter 1-4 Flashcards
Cocci
Round-shaped
Bacilli
Rod-shaped
Spirillium
Spiral or Cork screw shaped
Diplococci
Cocci in pairs
Bacterial Motility
Ability to move
Coagulase Test
Enzyme produced by some bacterial species that coagulase (clots) blood plasma. Performed on gram-positive, catalase- positive species of bacteria to definitively identify the coagulase-positive S. aureus species.
Catalase Test
An enzyme produced by living cells including a number of species. The presence or absence of catalase in bacterial culture provides an easy identification marker for clinicians.
Test using antisera
Enzyme-linked immunabsorbent assays (ELISA’s) and slide agglutination test.
ELISA is used to diagnoise HIV.
Antibodies
when a microorganism enters an animals body it stimulates the host’s immune system.
-Proteins in circulatory system that bind with specific bacterium or antigen.
Reducing Media
Prevent the destruction of the bacteria in oxygen.
Streptococus Pyogenes
- bacteria that causes strep.
- clear ring around colony where that bacteria break up surrounding erythrocytes.
Differential media
Makes it easier to distinguish specific colonies of bacteria in the same Petri Dish.
Blood Agar
A combination of nutrient agar and sheep erythrocytes.
- Used for staphylococcus epidemidis, Diploccus pneumoniae and Clostridium perfringens.
- enriched media used to identify bacteria that destroy erthrocytes.
Slants
agar is allowed to solidify with the thube held at an angle so that the bacteria have a larger surface area growth.
Aerobic
with oxygen
MacConkey Agar
Both selective and differential medium. Combination of bile salts, lactose, and crystal violet. Gram (-) bacteria are able to ferment lactose and produce pink colonies.
Selective media
Prevents the growth of particular species of microbes while allowing the growth of desired species.
Fastidious
Needs complex nutrientional requirements.
Chocolate Agar
Both an enriched and a selective medium, is a combination of nutrient agar amd powdered hemoglobin.
Anaerobic
Without oxygen
Flagella
Hair-like bacteria help with motility of the cell. Can’t be seen without stain.
Negative Staining for Capsules Process
Procedure involves mixing Indian Ink, provides dark background for viewing the bacteria.
-Indian Ink= negative staining
Special Stains
Special structures of microbes, such as spores, flagella, aid in identifying the presence of capsules
Simple Stains
Sufficient for determining the shape of bacteria and basic structure.
- single dye
- applied to fixed smear
- rinsed with water
- dried
Gram Stain
can differentiate bacteria into gram positive and negative. Generally 1st stain to be tried.
After staining procedure, either purple or red depending on the chemical composition and thickness of cell wall of bacteria.
Gram (+)
Blue to Purple stain result
Gram (-)
Red or Pink sain result
Gram-variable Bacteria
bacteria that do not stain purple or red
Ex: M. Tuberculosis
Acid-fast stain
Binds only to bacteria that have waxy chemical material in their cell wall.
-used to find TB and Myco (fungi) bacterium.
Joseph Lister
- Created aseptic technique
- wearing of gloves,changing gowns btw cases, cleaning and disinfecting instruments.
- Phenol used as hand scrub/sterilant
Robert Koch
- Created Koch’s Postulates
- Worked with bacillus (Rod) anthracis organism that causes anthrax.
- A specific microbe causes a specific disease.
- Growth of only 1 type of microbe on a culture medium in a Petri Dish or broth medium.
Organism Kingdom
Plantae-Plants Animalia-Animals Protista-single-cell eukaryotes Monera-single-cell prokaryotes Fungi
1959
osmotrophic
Gets nutrients from things around through osmosis.
3 Domains System of Classification
- Bacteria-single cell prokaryotes
- Archea (prokaryotes that differs from bacteria in their genetic transcription, translation and are more similar.
- Eukarya (multi-cell plants and animals; single-cell eukaryotes; single-cell and multi-cell osmotrophic eukaryotes)
Prions
Proteinaceaous infectious particules. No cellular structure and no nucleus acids.
causes encepoloathies (brain diseases)
Infects animals and humans.
Prions-infections in humans:
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)
- Variant (CJD)
Louis Pasteur
Invented pasteurization and created Germ Theory of Disease & Aerobic/Anaerobic classification.
Germ Theory of Disease
The theory that some diseases was caused by microscopic organism that cannot be seen.
Edward Jenner
Invented small pox vaccine
How do vaccines work?
once exposed to the disease your body produces antibodies, most effective. The only downfall you lose a percentage of the population.
Ignaz Semmelweis
implemented practices of routine hand washing with chlorinated lime solution.
abiogenesis
theory of spontaneous generation (claimed life could arise from non-living material)
Golden Age of Microbiology
- Identifying disease caused by organisms
- Immunization technique
- method of culturing
- lab standards
- Staining procedures
Pathological
Cause a disease
Ex: E. Coli- opportunistic
Anthrax- non opportunistic
Morphology
The study of the struture or form of organisms.
-shape, size and arrangement
Metric System
the standard unit of length based on units of 10.
1 meter= 10 decimeter (dm)= 100 centimeter (cm)= 1,000 milimeters (mm)
Examples of sizes Microbes
Bacteria 3 micrometers to 0.2 micrometers
Erythroytes 7 micrometers in diameter
Viruses 10 to 300 nanometer
Large protozoa 2,000 micrometers, or 2 nanometers in length.
Microbes measured
In smaller metric units micrometers, nanometer, and angstrom.
micrometer-0.000001
nanometer-0.000000001
angstrom-0.0000000001
Capsules
a gelentinous-like covering that many organisms contain. Proteins pathogenic microbes from engulfing in the host body.
Virulence
Degree to which pathogen can cause disease.
Francesco Redi
Attempted to disprove abiogenesis (spontaneous generation)
Anotonie Van Leeuwenhoek
- 1st to observe and record bacteris and protozoa.
- termed animalcules
- 1st accurate drawings of bacteria
Robert Hooke
- designed and built a compound microscope
- began cell theory
- 1st person to report that cells are the smallest living units.
Girolamo Fracastoro
- Published De Contagione et Contagiosis Morbis (On Contagion and Contagious Diseases)
- Organism spread by direct contact, indirect contact, carried on clothing or airborne.
Cell theory
living things are composed of cells
Categories of Transmission-Based Precaustions
- Contact
- Airborne
- Droplet
Cutaneous
skin
2001
Bioterrorism
1942
Germ warfare
1928
pencillin
Hans Gram
developed Gram stain
Chain of Infection
Portal of entry–>Susceptible host–>infectious agent–>reservoir–>portal of exit–>mode of transmission
Pencillin
1st antibiotic. Invented in 1928. It destroys the membrane of bacteria.
Rules of Koch’s Postulate
- The Microbe is always present in the organism that is sick.
- the Microbe can be isolated
- The taken microbe infects a new host that displays the same symptoms.
- The same microbe can be isolated in the new host.
Order of Taxonomic Hierarchy
Top- Species Genius Family Order Class Phlyum Kingdom Domain-Bottom
Binomial Nomenclature
Nomenclature- naming
Every organism had 2 names:
-genus-capitalized, noun
-species-lower case, adjective
in italics or underlined
Homo- man
Sapien-wise
Klebsiella- named after Edwin Klebs
Pneumoniae-bacterium
Taxonomy
Classifying living things.
Why:
- to establish relationships btw like organisms.
- differiate btw 2 groups of organisms
- Classify a previously unknown organism
- identifies microbe that causes diseases
- establish a universal language of communication used by scientists.
Streak Plate Method
Developed by Koch
Loop used to “streak” a pattern over the nutrient medium. As the pattern traced, bacteria are rubbed off the loop onto the medium in fewer numbers. The last few microbes are far enough apart to grow isolated colonies.
3 Types of Media
Enriched, selective, and differentiate
Enriched Media
solid or broth- contains nutrients the promote the growth of fastidious organism.
Agar
used as a thickener to broth growth media
Culture Media
Controlling things like oxygen, heat, and ph available to bacteria in controlled environment.
Compound light microscope
- 2-lens system with light source.
- High-dry lens for viewing microbes
- oil immersion objective for viewing bacterial characteristics
Dark- field microscope
Used when microbes are not visible with light microscope or cannot be stained.
ex: Treponema pallidum
motility is not easily visualized.
Electron Microscope
Used for visualization of viruses, internal structures of cells in detail and other objects smaller than 0.2 micrometers.
Smear
Involves the use of a flamed loop to spread bacteria onto a slide.
Spore
Formed an outer structure, difficult to destroy, resistant to difficult environment condition.
Eukaryotes
Nucleus, complex, takes a while to split or spread.
ex: plant, animal, cells, ppl, and insects.
Prokaryotes
Living cells without nucleus membrane, bacteria, cyanobacteria (blue), different cell division. (spread/divide faster)
Halphiles
salt-loving aerobes
Culture
a population of microbes on a prepared culture medium conducive to their growth.
Mordant
a chemical additive added to a stain to increase the effectiveness of the stain.
Vibrios
comma-shaped or C-shaped
Archaea
Mainly in extreme environmental conditions such as boiling hot springs, volcanic steam vents, salt marshes, and under glaciers. Termed extremophiles.
Facultative
changing from anaerobic to aerobic. Can live without oxygen but a little wont kill them.
Pleomorphic
L shaped or the ability to change shape.
Identification of bacteria
persense or absense of a cell wall, ability to thrive in the presense of air, and specific variations of size and shape.
Streptococci
chains or filament forms
Staphylococci
clusters or sheets
Monobacillius
single- rod shape
normal indegenous microflora of the intestines.
Streptobacilius
in chains or filament form.
causes-rat bite fever, septic arthritis
palisade
in the shape of a stack of rods
causes the upper respiratory disease diptheria
Motility
The ability of a microbe to move. Bacterial motility is accomplished by use of two of cell structures : flagella and axial filaments.
Autotophs
Utilized light or chemicals to produce their own nutrients
Photoautotrophs
use light, as their energy source and CO2 as a carbon source.
ex: eukaryotic plants, algae
Chemohetertrophs
include most bacteria and all fungi, protozoa and animals that use chemicals as their energy source and organic compounds for a carbon source.
