chapter 1-4

Question 1

Describe the positon of the body in anatomical position

Answer 1

The erect position of the body with the face directed forward, the arms at the side, and the palms of the hands facing forward, used as a reference in describing the relation of body parts to one another.

Question 2

using directional terminology, write a sentence with each term.

Answer 2

Transvers divides the body from upper and lower
Frontal is to cut the body from front to rear sections
Sagittal cuts the body in to left and right sections
Median divides the body in left to right in unequal halfs

Question 3

describe which organs (parts of body) might be found in each of the nine regions of the abdomen and in the four quadrants.

Answer 3

right hypochondriac-     liver
epigastric-    stomach
left hypochondriac-     Diaphragm
right lumbar-      Gall bladder
umbilical-           small intestine
left lumbar-          descending colon of large intestine
right inguinal-   appendix
hypogastric -         urinary bladder
left inguinal-          initial part of sigmoid colon

Question 4

what is pleurisy?

Answer 4

inflammation of the pleurae, which impairs their lubricating function and causes pain when breathing. It is caused by pneumonia and other diseases of the chest or abdomen.

Question 5

what is cardiac tamponade?

Answer 5

Cardiac tamponade is a serious medical condition in which blood or fluids fill the space between the sac that encases the heart and the heart muscle.

Question 6

What is the function of Pleura?

And where are they located?

Answer 6

The pleural cavity, with its associated pleurae, aids optimal functioning of the lungs during breathing. The pleural cavity also contains pleural fluid, which acts as a lubricant and allows the pleurae to slide effortlessly against each other during respiratory movements.

Question 7

what is the difference between mesentery and mesocolon?

Answer 7

is that mesentery is (anatomy) the membrane that attaches the intestines to the wall of the abdomen, maintaining their position in the abdominal cavity, and supplying them with blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics while mesocolon is (anatomy) the part of the mesentery that attaches the colon to the abdominal wall.

Question 8

what is homeostasis?

Answer 8

Homeostasis, from the Greek words for “same” and “steady,” refers to any process that living things use to actively maintain fairly stable conditions necessary for survival… coined by Walter Cannon

Question 9

give example of negative feedback loop.

Answer 9

Body senses a change and activates mechanisms to reverse it… what ever change that is occurring the body will stop it and reverse it back to normal conditions

Question 10

give example of positive feed back loop

Answer 10

self-amplifying change… leads to change in same direction like in contractions in child birth…

Question 11

what is opposable thumbs?

Answer 11

where thumbs and cross the palm and touch fingers

Question 12

bipedalism

Answer 12

standing or walking on two legs

Question 13

Ph acid and balance

Answer 13

Anything below 7.0 is acidic, and anything above 7.0 is alkaline, or basic. pH scale, ranging from 0 (very acidic) to 12 (very basic/alkaline) and listing the pH values of common substances. The pH inside human cells (6.8) and the pH of blood (7.4) are both very close to neutral.

Question 14

life characteristics

Answer 14

The seven characteristics of life include:
responsiveness to the environment;
growth and change;
ability to reproduce;
have a metabolism and breathe;
maintain homeostasis;
being made of cells; and.
passing traits onto offspring.

Question 15

cell theory

Answer 15

Cell Theory is one of the basic principles of biology. Credit for the formulation of this theory is given to German scientists Theodor Schwann, Matthias Schleiden, and Rudolph Virchow. The Cell Theory states: All living organisms are composed of cells. They may be unicellular or multicellular.

Question 16

intracellular fluid (ICF)

Answer 16

compartment is the system that includes all fluid enclosed in cells by their plasma membranes.

Question 17

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

Answer 17

surrounds all cells in the body. Extracellular fluid has two primary constituents: the fluid component of the blood (called plasma)

Question 18

basic organic micro molecules

Answer 18

All organisms need four types of organic molecules: nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates and lipids; life cannot exist if any of these molecules are missing.
Nucleic Acids. The nucleic acids are DNA and RNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid, respectively. …
Proteins. …
Carbohydrates. …
Lipids.

Question 19

Ionic Bonds
Covalent Bonds
Dative Bonds
Network Covalent Bonds

Answer 19

I….Sodium chloride, or NaCl, is an example of an ionic bond.
C…A double covalent bond is found in ethylene (C2H4), because two sets of valence electrons are shared.
A triple covalent bond is seen in atomic nitrogen (N2).
D….This can be seen with ammonium (NH4+). Nitrogen contributes the two electrons needed to bond with hydrogen and therefore form the ammonium with a dative bond.
It can also be seen with hydronium (H3O+). In a water molecule, the oxygen atom gives a pair of electrons to create a dative bond with a hydrogen ion, thus forming the hydronium
N…An example of this is seen in diamonds. Carbon bonds to itself, with each carbon atom forming four covalent bonds to four other carbon atoms. This forms one large molecule that is a diamond crystal..

Question 20

5 types of lipids where they are found

Answer 20

(1) Fatty acids: Used to synthesize triglycerides and phospholipids or catabolized to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
(2) Triglycerides: (fats and oils) Protection, insulation, energy storage.
(3) Phospholipids Major lipid component of cell membranes.
(4) Steroids:
(a) Cholesterol Minor component of all animal cell membranes; precursor of bile salts, vitamin D, and steroid hormones.
(b) Bile salts Needed for digestion and absorption of dietary lipids.
(c) Vitamin D Helps regulate calcium level in the body; needed for bone growth and repair.
(d) Adrenocortical hormones: Help regulate metabolism, resistance to stress, and salt and water balance.
(e) Sex hormones Stimulate reproductive functions and sexual characteristics.
(5) Eicosanoids (Prostaglandins and leukotrienes) Have diverse effects on modifying responses to hormones, blood clotting, inflammation, immunity, stomach acid secretion, airway diameter, lipid breakdown, and smooth muscle contraction.

Question 21

function of proteins and example

Answer 21

Antibody
Antibodies bind to specific foreign particles, such as viruses and bacteria, to help protect the body.
Enzyme
Enzymes carry out almost all of the thousands of chemical reactions that take place in cells. They also assist with the formation of new molecules by reading the genetic information stored in DNA.
Messenger
Messenger proteins, such as some types of hormones, transmit signals to coordinate biological processes between different cells, tissues, and organs.
Structural component
These proteins provide structure and support for cells. On a larger scale, they also allow the body to move.
Transport/storage
These proteins bind and carry atoms and small molecules within cells and throughout the body.

Question 22

what are DNA and RNA composed of

Answer 22

The other type of nucleic acid, RNA, is mostly involved in protein synthesis. Just like in DNA, RNA is made of monomers called nucleotides. Each nucleotide is made up of three components: a nitrogenous base, a pentose (five-carbon) sugar called ribose, and a phosphate group.

Question 23

What is ATP

Answer 23

energy unit of the cell. It is one of the most important and major energy sources of the body. It is used in almost all the functions and is produced by two major processes: glycolysis and the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle).

Question 24

name all the cellular organelles and briefly state their functions

Answer 24

Organelle
Function
Nucleus
The “brains” of the cell, the nucleus directs cell activities and contains genetic material called chromosomes made of DNA.
Mitochondria
Make energy out of food 
Ribosomes
Make protein 
Golgi Apparatus
Make, process and package proteins
Lysosome
Contains digestive enzymes to help break food down
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Called the "intracellular highway" because it is for transporting all sorts of items around the cell.
Vacuole
Used for storage, vacuoles usually contain water or food. (Are you are thirsty? Perhaps your vacuoles need some water!)

Question 25

what are the functions of the plasma membrane

Answer 25

The primary function of the plasma membrane is to protect the cell from its surroundings. Composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, the plasma membrane is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and regulates the movement of substances in and out of cells.

Question 26

Distinguish between membranous and non-membranous organelles

Answer 26

The membranous organelles are the organelles that are specialized sacs or canals made of cell membrane. The nonmembranous organelles are not made of membrane but are made of microscopic filaments or other nonmembranous materials. … These are found in muscle cells.

Question 27

what are the components of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 27

There are three main components of the cytoskeleton: microtubules, intermediate filaments (IF) and microfilaments, along with many other proteins that support those components. Microtubules, the largest component, are made of tubulin and function in organelle transport and cellular division.

Question 28

describe the process of transcription

Answer 28

Transcription is the process by which DNA is copied (transcribed) to mRNA, which carries the information needed for protein synthesis. Transcription takes place in two broad steps. First, pre-messenger RNA is formed, with the involvement of RNA polymerase enzymes.

Question 29

describe the function of translation

Answer 29

Only the tRNA carrying the next amino acid in the polypeptide chain has the anticodon that binds to the appropriate location on the mRNA. This system ensures that amino acids are added to the chain in the correct order. At the beginning of translation, the ribosome and a tRNA attach to the mRNA.

Question 30

What is diffusion? how do you establish a concentration gradient?

Answer 30

Diffusion is the movement of a fluid from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Diffusion is a result of the kinetic properties of particles of matter. The particles will mix until they are evenly distributed. Diffusion may also be thought of as movement of particles down a concentration gradient.
The term “diffusion” comes from the Latin word diffundere, which means “to spread out”.