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HSV 2250 > Chapter 1-4 > Flashcards

Chapter 1-4 Flashcards

0
Q

Polygenic inheritance:

A

Reflects the combined activity of a number of distinct genes.

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1
Q

The first 22 pairs of chromosomes are called:

A

Autosomes

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2
Q

Individuals that have an extra 21st chromosome have what?

A

Down syndrome

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3
Q

When a fertilized egg has defective autosomes, what is usually the result?

A

The fertilized egg is aborted spontaneously.

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4
Q

Non shared environmental influences tend to make siblings:

A

Different from each other.

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5
Q

When does the period of the zygote end?

A

Two weeks after conception.

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6
Q

When are body structures and internal organs created?

A

During the period of the embryo.

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7
Q

Between 22 and 28 weeks

A

Called the age of viability because this is when most body systems function well enough to support life.

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8
Q

What happens in the last few months of prenatal development?

A

The fetus has regular periods of activity and the eyes and ears respond to stimulation, which are the first signs of fetal behavior.

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9
Q

General risk factors in pregnancy:

A

Mothers nutrition, prolonged stress, and her age.

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10
Q

Environmental hazards:

A

Some of the most dangerous teratogens because a pregnant woman is often unaware of their presence.

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11
Q

What is the result of exposure to a teratogen during the period of a zygote?

A

Spontaneous abortion of the fertilized egg.

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12
Q

What two techniques are used to determine whether a fetus has a hereditary disorder?

A

Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling.

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13
Q

What happens in the third stage of labor?

A

The placenta is delivered.

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14
Q

What happens in naturalistic observation?

A

People are observed as they behave spontaneously in a real life setting.

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15
Q

What is a sample?

A

A group of individuals thought to be representative of some larger population of interest.

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16
Q

Dependent variable:

A

Measured in an experiment to evaluate the impact of the variable that was manipulated.

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17
Q

Problems of longitudinal studies:

A

Include e length of time to complete the work, loss of research participants over time and influence of repeated testing on a person’s performance.

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18
Q

Why must human development researchers submit their plans for research to a review board?

A

So that they may determine whether the research preserves the rights of research participants.

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19
Q

Genotype

A

What we’ve inherited

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20
Q

Phenotype

A

Combination of genotype and environmental influences such as physical, behavioral, and psychological.

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21
Q

Two problems with using anesthesia during labor:

A

1) a woman can’t use her abdominal muscles to push the baby down the birth canal.
2) pain meds cross the placenta and affects the baby.w

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22
Q

When is home delivery safe?

A
  • When the woman is healthy.
  • When she has had a problem free pregnancy and expects to have a problem fee delivery.
  • When a healthcare professional is present to deliver the baby.
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23
Q

Hypoxia results when

A

When the supply of oxygen to the fetus is disrupted because the umbilical cord is squeezed shut.

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24
Q

Some reflexes

A
  • Help infants get necessary nutrients.
  • Protect infants from danger.
  • Serve as the basis for later motor behaviors.
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25
Q

The Apgar score:

A

Performed immediately after birth and checks their health

  1. Heart rate
  2. Muscle tone
  3. Skin tone
  4. Respiration
  5. Reflexes
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26
Q

A baby is in what state when lying calmly with it’s eyes open and focused.

A

Alert inactivity

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27
Q

What type of sleep is thought to foster growth in the central nervous system in newborns?

A

REM sleep

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28
Q

This campaign to reduce SIDS emphasizes that infants should do what.

A

Sleep on their backs

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29
Q

Compared to older children and adults an infants head and trunk are

A

Disproportionately large.

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30
Q

What a the most effective treatments for malnutrition?

A

Improved diet and parent training.

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31
Q

What is the cell body and what is it for?

A

Part of the neuron and contains the basic machinery to keep the cell alive.

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32
Q

What is the frontal cortex and what does it do?

A

It is the seat of personality and it regulates planning.

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33
Q

Left hemisphere of an infants brain

A

Where human speech typically elicits the greatest electrical activity.

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34
Q

A good example of brain plasticity is that although children with brain damage often have impaired cognitive processes,

A

They often regain their earlier skills over time.

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35
Q

Skills important in learning to walk include:

A

Maintaining upright posture
Balance
Stepping
Using perceptual information

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36
Q

Infants respond negatively yo substances that taste.

A

Sour or bitter.

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37
Q

Pain cry:

A

A high-pitched cry, starts with a loud wail, followed by a long pause, then gasping.

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38
Q

Infants hearing is best for sounds:

A

That have the pitch of human speech.

39
Q

Cones:

A

Specialized neurons in the retina that are sensitive to color.

40
Q

Retinal disparity

A

Refers to the fact that images of an object in the left and right eyes differ for nearby objects.

41
Q

Basic cry:

A

Starts softly and builds in volume and intensity. (happens when lacking a basic need that needs to be met)

42
Q

Mad cry

A

More intense and louder than a basic cry.

43
Q

When is it okay to comfort a crying baby?

A

Up until 6 months, as appropriate, because after 6-8 months, a baby becomes conditioned.

44
Q

Sleep cycles:

A

Newborns: 4-hour cycle; sleep 3h awake 1h
3-4months: 5-to-6 hour cycle
6 months: sleep 10 to 12 hours at night

45
Q

Cons of co-sleeping:

A

Could roll over onto the child.
Child could suffocate.
Child could fall off bed.
Decreased romance between patents.

46
Q

Co-sleeping:

A

The practice of sleeping in the same room or bed with the child.
Research shows no evidence of increased dependence and has the advantage of avoiding elaborate sleep-time rituals.

47
Q

SIDs:

A

Sudden, inexplicable death of a healthy baby.

  • have child sleep on their back*
  • less blankets*
  • no stuffed animals*
  • watch for recalls on beds*
48
Q

Temperament:

A

Influences environments effect on children.

49
Q

Studies suggest that temperament

A

Tends to be somewhat stable from infancy through adulthood.

50
Q

Temperament:

A

Predisposes but does not always guarantee later personality characteristics.

51
Q

Parents can

A

Nurture children to behave in ways somewhat different from their temperament.

52
Q

Growth is more rapid in infancy than

A

During any other period after birth.

53
Q

Infants should double their weight by

A

3 months.

54
Q

Infants should triple their weight by

A

1 year.

55
Q

Pros of bottle feeding

A

All family members can enjoy intimacy with bottle.

56
Q

Pros of breast- feeding

A

The best way to ensure proper nutrition, but mother must have a proper diet.

57
Q

Giving malnourished children adequate diets is challenging because they are

A

Listless, quiet, and inactive.

58
Q

Malnourished children

A

Develop more slowly. And malnutrition is most damaging during infancy due to rapid growth rate.

59
Q

Plasticity

A

Is a benefit of the immature brains lack of specialization. The brain is very flexible allowing recovery of function, especially in young children.

60
Q

9-14 months

A

The average for starting to walk.

61
Q

Infants are top heavy and easily lose balance.

A

Within a few months infants use inner ear and visual cues to adjust posture. Infants must relearn balance each time they achieve new postures.

62
Q

Unsupported independent walking occurs at

A

12-15 months

63
Q

Fine motor skills are associated with

A

Grasping, holding, and manipulating objects.

64
Q

Newborns have keen senses of

A

Smell and taste

65
Q

Perception

A

Brain processes receiving, selecting, modifying, and organizing sensory inputs.

66
Q

Startle reactions

A

Suggest that infants are sensitive to sound. (prefer pleasant melodies and can remember songs)

67
Q

Can remember their own names by

A

4 months

68
Q

By 15-24 months infants:

A

See their image in the mirror and can realize that the image is theirs. (Self awareness)

69
Q

How do toddlers refer to themselves?

A

By name or by using personal pronouns. (They also understand ownership and refer to objects as “mine”)

70
Q

What is TOM?

A

Theory of mind is the naive understanding of relationship between mind and behavior.

71
Q

Phases of TOM:

A

Phase 1: by 2 years aware of desires; speak of wants and likes.
Phase 2: by 3 years, distinguish the mental from physical world.

72
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

A

Echoic speech and later language acquisition.
Obsessive and compulsive interest in objects.
Disinterest in other people.
Awkward social interactions with others.
Symptoms emerge 18-24 months.
Is inheritable, 80% in males, cannot be cured.
Slow grasp of false belief.
Mind blindness

73
Q

Assimilation:

A

Fitting new experiences into existing schemes.

74
Q

Accommodation

A

Modifying schemes as a result of new experiences.

75
Q

Equilibrium

A

Balance between assimilation and accommodation.

76
Q

Disequilibrium

A

Experience of conflict between new information and existing concepts.

77
Q

Equilibration

A

Inadequate schemes are reorganized or replaced with more advanced and mature schemes.

78
Q

Object permanence

A

Knowing an object still exists even when not in view. (not understood till about 18mo)

79
Q

Egocentrism

A

Difficulty seeing the world from others perspectives.

80
Q

Animism

A

Crediting inanimate objects with life and lifelike properties.

81
Q

Centration

A

Concentration on only one facet of a problem to the neglect of other facets.

82
Q

Conservation

A

Knowing that volume, mass, number, length, area, or liquid quantity are the same despite superficial appearance changes.

83
Q

Dizygotic or fraternal:

A

twins from two different eggs fertilized by two different sperm.

84
Q

Monozygotic or identical:

A

Twins from the union of one egg and one sperm that splits in two soon after conception.

85
Q

When is object permanence understood?

A

4.5 months

86
Q

Mental hardware:

A

Neural and mental structures enabling the mind to operate.

87
Q

Mental software:

A

Mental programs allowing for performance of specific tasks.

88
Q

Attention:

A

When sensory information receives additional cognitive processing.

89
Q

Orienting response:

A

emotional and physical reactions to unfamiliar stimulus.

90
Q

Habituation:

A

Lessened reactions to a stimulus after repeated presentations.

91
Q

Operant conditioning:

A

When a behaviors consequence make this behaviors future occurrence more likely.

92
Q

Zone of proximal development:

A

Difference between what children can do with or without assistance.

93
Q

Scaffolding:

A

Giving just enough information/assistance to match a learners need. (students don’t learn as well when being told what to do as opposed to trying it themselves)

94
Q

Children pay better attention to:

A

Repeated or emphasized words.

95
Q

Phonemes:

A

smallest unique sounds

96
Q

Infant directed speech:

A

Adults speak slowly and exaggerate changes in pitch and volume when talking to infants. ( called motherese )

HSV 2250 (3 decks)

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