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Psychology Statistics > Chapter 1-4 > Flashcards

Chapter 1-4 Flashcards

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0
Q

SAMPLING ERROR

A

The amount of error that exists between sample statistics and the population parameter

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1
Q

What is POPULATION

A

Is the entire set of the individual of interest for a particular research questions.

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2
Q

Statistics

A

Numerical value that describes a sample. A statistics is usually derived from measurement sin the population
1)Used to organize and summarize the information so that the researcher can see what happened in the study.
2)helped answer questions that initiated the research
Specific results obtained!

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3
Q

Parameter

A

Is a value usually a numerical value, describes a POPULATION measurements of the individual in a population

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4
Q

Correlational

A

Observe two different variable to see if they are related

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5
Q

Experimental

A

Manipulate one variable (independent)
While measuring the other variable (dependent).

CAUSE AND EFFECT

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6
Q

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

A

Stats procedures used to summarize, organize and simplify data

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7
Q

Inferential statistics

A

Techniques to study SAMPLES and make generalization about the population.

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8
Q

Nominal

A

Set of categories with different names (college majors)

It represents who you are

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9
Q

Ordinal

A

Set of categories organized in order of magnitude or size

T shirts (S,M,L)

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10
Q

Interval

A

Equal distances between numbers arbitrary zero point. (0 degrees F)

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11
Q

Ratio

A

Interval scale with meaningful 0 point

Distance
Time

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12
Q

Real limits

A

Infinite possibilities in between

2 upper limit is 2.5 lower limit 1.5

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13
Q

How to make a frequency table?

A

Highest to lowest

—> frequency——> divide frequency with “N” to get proportion—-> multiply by 100

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14
Q

Frequency distribution

A

Organized tabulation of the numbers of observations located in each category on the scale of measurement

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15
Q

Set up a frequency table and calculate

A

Highest to lowest—>how frequent——>divide frequency with “N”—->proportion—>percentage

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16
Q

Calculate ΣX from frequency table

A

“X” multiply with “f” then add the sums together.

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17
Q

Calculate ΣX^2 from frequency table

A

Square the “X” ———>multiply by “f”——–>add everything together

18
Q

How many rows would you need for a range X=41 X=96

A

Range calculate

Highest- lowest +1 = range
DIVIDE BY
INTERVAL WIDTH

Is the number of intervals

19
Q

What graphs?

INTERVAL

A

Histogram and polygons

20
Q

What graph?

RATIO

A

Histogram a and polygons

21
Q

What graph?

NOMINAL

A

Bar graphs

22
Q

What graph?

ORDINAL

A

Bargraph

23
Q

What graph?

population

A

Smooth graph

24
Q

How can you tell positive skew and negative

A

The thumb points in the direction.
Right hand positive
Left hand negative

25
Q

Variability and how to measure

A

Tells us how much distance to expect from one score to another

Range/ standard deviation/ variance
How well represents in the entire distribution

26
Q

Calculate Deviation

POPULATION

A

Deviation= X — mean

Tells us if the score is above or below the mean (— or +)

Square root SS over N

27
Q

Calculate variance

POPULATION

A

Sum of squares
divide by
population(#)

28
Q

Calculate Sum of Squares (SS)

POPULATION

A

1) Find deviation score (X-mean)
2) square each deviation
3) add all

Or

1) Square and Sum each score
2) find the sum —–>square it divide by “N”
3) subtract #2 from #1

29
Q

Another name for squared deviation

A

Average squared deviation

30
Q

Calculate standard deviation

POPULATION

A

Square root SS over N

POPULATION

31
Q

Calculate variance then standard deviation

SAMPLE STATISTICS

A

SS over n-1

32
Q

Adding a constant what will happen

A

Mean change

SD: not changed

33
Q

Multiplying constant what will change

A

Mean change

SD change: multiply by constant

34
Q

Measure Central tendency

A

Mean
Medium
Mode

More middle doesn’t tell you how spread out

35
Q

Mean

A

Uses all scores
Center if gravity

Mew: population
Sample:M

36
Q

Computational formula SS

A

1) Square each score and sum the squared scores
2) sum the normal scores, square it and divide it by “N”
3) subtract #2 from #1

37
Q

Population standard deviation

Alternative description
Equation

A

Square root of the population variance

Square root SS/N

38
Q

Population variance

Alternative description and equation

A

Mean squared deviation from the population mean

Sum of the mean subtracted by X and then squared over N

39
Q

Sample standard deviation

Alternative description
Equation

A

A measure of the average distance from the sample means

Root of SS over n-1

40
Q

Sample variance

Description
Equation

A

Mean squared deviation from the sample means

A squared

41
Q

DISCRETE

Use what graph

A

Number of people
Solid whole numbers
Bar graph

42
Q

Continuous

What graph

A

Time/height/weight
Real limits
(Upper real vs Lower real)
Histograms

43
Q

What are the scales if measurements

A

Ratio
Nominal
Ordinal
interval

Psychology Statistics (1 decks)

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