Chapter 1-4 Flashcards
Scientific Method
Observation becomes a Law
Data becomes a hypothesis
A tested, successful hypothesis becomes a theory
Accuracy
(Measured by percent error) measurement of how close the true value is to the theoretical value
Precision
(Measured by Standard Deviation) measurement of how close a series of numbers are to each other
Macroscopic
Large enough to be seen with an unaided eye
Submicroscopic
Too small to be seen, even with a microscope
Kelvin
A unit of measurement of temperature where the lowest possible temperature is 0.
(C + 273.15)
Cathode Ray
Radiation from negatively charged plate
Beta rays
Negatively charged particles, or electrons
Alpha Rays
Positively charged particles
y rays
particle with no charge
x rays
electromagnetic waves
Nuclear Stability
- (n+p) = 2, 8, 20, 50, 82,126
- Even number of (n+p)
- Isotopes of amu of 82+ = radioactive
- Isotopes of Tc and Pm are radioactive
Kinetic Energy
Energy resulting from motion
Thermal Energy
Energy associated with random motions (Kinetic)
Potential energy
Energy possessed by virtue of position
Chemical Energy
Energy stored in the structure of atoms
(Potential)
Electrostatic Energy
Energy formed from the interaction of charged particles
(Potential)
Equation of Kinetic Energy
K(e) = 1/2(mass) (potential energy)^2
Plank’s Constant
6.63x10^-34 Joules
Photon
A particle of light that determines intensity
Equation of the Photoelectric Effect
E = hv - W
Bohr’s Equation
deltaE = hv = -2.18 x 10^-18 J (1/nf^2 - 1/ni^2)
Principle Quantum Number
n
Angular Momentum Quantum Number
l
Magnetic Quantum Number
M (l)
Electron Spin Quantum Number
M (s)
Effective Nuclear Charge
Z(eff) the amount of attraction an electron actually feels from a proton
Shielding
When electron-proton attraction is reduced due to the repulsion of electrons
Effective Nuclear Charge -
Periodic Trend
Left to Right Increase
Atomic Radius-
Periodic Trend
Right to Left Increase
Top to Bottom Increase
Ionization Energy
(IE) The minimum amount of energy needed to remove an electron from an atom at the gas phase
Electron Affinity
(EA) Energy released when an atom accepts an electron
