Chapter 1-4

Question 1

phenotypic plasticy

Answer 1

ability of individual genotypes to give rise to different phenotypes when exposed to different environmental conditions

Question 2

sources of microevolution

Answer 2

natural selection, mutation, genetic drift, migration

Question 3

allopatric makes it…for speciation to occur because…

Answer 3

easier, no gene flow

Question 4

evidence for microevolution

Answer 4

pesticide, herbicide, and antibiotic resistance

Question 5

macroevolution (evolutionary history) studies…. , …data from sub-disciplines such as paleontology and biogeography to determine evolutionary relationships in terms of…

Answer 5

long term patterns, comparing, common ancestry

Question 6

punctuated equilibrium

Answer 6

long periods of little/no change followed by short periods of rapid change whereby speciation occured

Question 7

co-evolution

Answer 7

when different species evolve together due to interactions with each other

Question 8

fossils aren’t preserved for every species because…

Answer 8

1. Fossils only form in sedimentary rock so organisms must die under these conditions
2. Some parts are easier to preserve since they take longer to decay (e.g teeth, bones)
3. We have only observed a limited number of the few fossils that have been preserved

Question 9

Vestigial structures (TEGWAWE)

Answer 9

Whale pelvic hip bones
Wings in cormorant
Ear muscles
Appendix
Tailbone
Goosebumps
Eyes in cavefish

Question 10

Lamarck’s theory of evolution

Answer 10

Acquired characteristics

Question 11

Genomic evidence of vestigial characters

Answer 11

Olfactory genes have become inactive in species that rely more on photo receptors. These genes no longer perform the function of chemo-receptor olfactory genes.

Question 12

Evidence of evolutionary change

Answer 12

1. Evidence from vestigial structures
2. Evidence from homology
3. Evidence from fossil records

Question 13

Founder effect is the loss of … when…is established by… from…

Answer 13

genetic variation, a new population, a small number of individuals, a larger population

Question 14

Homologous structures (MURCH)

Answer 14

Similar bone structures in limbs suggest common ancestry but different arrangement suggesting convergent evolution. e.g the wings of a bat have the ulna, humerus, carpals, radius, metacarpals, and sesamoids.

Question 15

Endemism

Answer 15

the distribution of a taxon limited to a specific geographical area

Question 16

Galapagos Islands

Answer 16

1. Tortoises have different shell shapes on different islands possibly due to chance (there was variation before but the ones with a particular shell shape became more persistent) or specific shell shape is more suitable for particular island’s conditions
2. Cacti with fleshy fruit (seed-bearing) fruit are believed to have been introduced on the island through birds’ dispersal. Seeds that were better suited to survive must have germinated and continued to reproduce,thus giving rise to new species.
3. Finches on different islands have different beak shapes and sizes as studied by Drs Peter and Rosemary Grant on Daphne Major island (experiences drought) which affects their ability to collect nutrients, and their ability to survive and reproduce.

Question 17

Examples of selection observed by Darwin

Answer 17

1. Teosinte and Maize
2. Pigeons
3. Dogs and wolves

Question 18

Evidence of evolution from domestication as observed by Darwin

Answer 18

There was a vast amount of heritable variation within species and through artificial selection, this can result in dramatic changes in the species through generations.