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BIOLOGY 235 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is physiology?

A

the study of how living organisms function

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2
Q

What are the four different types of cells?

A
  1. Muscle Cells 2. Neurons 3. Epithelial Cells 4. Connective-tissue Cells
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3
Q

What are the four different types of tissue?

A
  1. Muscle Tissue 2. Nervous Tissue 3. Epithelial Tissue 4. Connective- Tissue
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4
Q

What goes in and out of during Resting Membrane Potential?

A

(2) Potassium ions (K+) go in
(3) Sodium ions (Na+) go out

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5
Q

What are the three types of Muscle Cells?

A
    1. Skeletal 2. Cardiac 3. Smooth
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6
Q

Describe the organization of the body

A
  1. The cells are fertelized by undergoing Mitosis
  2. Cells undergo Meiosis by dividing and growing
  3. Cells differentiate for function specialition
  4. Cells are one of the four specialized cells
  5. Similar cells aggreagte -> tissue
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7
Q

why is homeostasis important

A

Homeostasis keeps the cell functioning properly, it keeps the molecules in and out of the cell at the right balance.

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8
Q

What is an Epithelial Cell?

A

Specialized cells for the selective secretion and absorption of ions and organic molecules.

It is also offerered for protection

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9
Q

Out of the three types of muscle cells, which two function involuntarily?

A
  1. Cardiac
  2. Smooth
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10
Q

What are Neurons?

A

A cell of the nervous system that is specialized to initiate, integrate, and conduct electral signals to other cells

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11
Q

what are the major organs of the circulatory system?

A
  • heart
  • blood vessels
  • blood

transport blood throughout the body

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12
Q

How is the nervous system divided?

A
  1. Central Nervous System (CNS)
  2. Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
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13
Q

what are the major organs in the male reproductive system and their functions?

A

TESTES: production of sperm, transfer of sperm to female

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14
Q

What are the major organs of the female reproductive system? what are their functions?

A
  • ovaries
  • fallopian tubes
  • uterus
  • vagina

they are responsible for the production of eggs, provision of a nutritive environment, for the developing fetus/embryo, nutrition to the infant.

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15
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

The movement of molecules from one location to another solely as a result of their random thermal motion

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16
Q

What is the difference between flux and net flux?

A

Flux is the amount of material crossing a surface in a unit of time.

The net flux is the difference between two one-way fluxes

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17
Q

what are the major organs of the respiratory system?

A
  • nose- traps bacteria and foreign particles that enter
  • pharynx- allows air to pass from mouth to lungs
  • larynx- helps regulate air flow
  • trachea-divides the right/left bronchi
  • bronchi-allow passage of air to lungs
  • lungs- filled with air

exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen; regulation of hydrogen ion concentration in the body fluids

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18
Q

digestive system major organs/ tissues

A
  • mouth
  • salivary glands
  • pharynx
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small & large intestines
  • anus
  • pancreas
  • liver
  • gallbladder
19
Q

Which ions diffuse across plasma membranes

A

Sodium and potassium ions can diffuse across the plasma membranes of all cells because of Leak channels for Na+ and K+

20
Q

major organs of the urinary system?

A
  • kidneys
  • ureters
  • bladder
  • urethra

regulate plasma composition through controlled excretion of salt, water, and organic wastes

21
Q

What are ion channels?

A

Proteins that allow ions to diffuse across the membrane

22
Q

What is the Fick diffusion equation and what does it represent?

A

J = PA(C0 - Ci)

23
Q

What factors affect net flux?

A
  1. temperature
  2. mass of the molecule
  3. Surface area
  4. Medium/solvent
24
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Diffusion involving a net flux of a molecule across s membrane from higher to lower concentration using a transporter

25
Q

What are the different diffusion methods?

A
26
Q

What is active transport?

A

Diffusion going against the gradient by going from low concentration to high.

27
Q

What is membrane potential?

A

A seperation of electrical charge existing across plasma membranes of all cells.

28
Q

What are ion channels?

A

Integral membrane proteins that allow ions to diffuse across the membrane

29
Q

What determines the selectivity for the type of ions to transfer through the membrane?

A
  1. Channel diameter
  2. Charges/polarity of protein subunits
  3. number of water molecules assiociated with ions
30
Q

What is channel gating?

A
31
Q

What three factors can alter the channel protein conformation?

A
  1. Lignad-gated channels - the binding of specific molecules to channel proteins to change the shape of the channel
  2. Voltage-gated channels - Changes in the membrane potential potential that allows the movement of certain charged regions on a channel protein, altering its shape
  3. Mechanically gated channels- Physical deformation of the membrane
32
Q

On average, the resting membrane potential is -70 mV. What does the sign and magnitude of this value tell you?

A

The inside surface of the plasma membrane accumulates more negative charge because of the presence of Na+ and K+ gradients and the selective permeability of the membrane to Na+ and K+.

33
Q
A
34
Q

how does negative feedback work ?

A

negative feedback works in the opposite direction to regulate variables.

ex. if you are overheating, negative feedback will work to cool the body down.

35
Q

how does positive feedback work?

A

it increases or decreases

ex. if you are overheating positive feedback will keep over heating you.

36
Q

What are two means of coupling energy to transports?

A
  1. The direct use of ATP in primary active transport
  2. The use of an electrochemical gradient across a membrane to drive the process in secondary active transport
37
Q

In which of the following fluid compartments contains the largest proportion of water in an adult human body?

A

Intracellular fluid

38
Q

Positive feedback……

A

is less common than negative feedback loop and increases or decreases a variabble in the opposite direction to the original devaition in the variable

39
Q

In which direction will Ca 2+ flow if the intracellular concentration and extracellular concentrations are 0.0001mM (100nM) and 1m respectively? Assume the plasma membrane is permeable to Ca2+.

A

Ca2+ will flow into the cell

40
Q

What is the difference between efferent and afferent pathways?

A

Afferent pathways travels between the receptor and the integrating center

Efferent is from the integrating center to the receptor

41
Q

How does the ATPase pump function?

A
  1. (3) Na+ ions approach high-affinity sites on the intracellular of protein
  2. Na+ binding activates ATPase activity causing phosphorylation of cytosolic surface of the transporter; releasing ADP
  3. Phosphorylation leads to conformation change of transporter -> exposing Na+ ions to extracellular fluid
  4. Exsposed conformation results in (2) K+ affinity sites
  5. (2) K+ results in dephosphorylation -> cycle begins again
42
Q
A
43
Q
A

BIOLOGY 235 (2 decks)

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