Chapter 1

Question 1

Hard Problem

Answer 1

Given this universe is composed of matter and energy, why is there such a thing as consciousness?

Question 2

Mind-Brain Problem

Answer 2

Question about the relationship between brain activity and mental experience

Question 3

Fundamental Property

Answer 3

Property that cannot be reduced to someone else (e.g., mass as we can’t explain why matter has mass, it just does)

Question 4

Biological Psychology

Answer 4

The Study of physiological, evolutionary, and developmental mechanisms of behavior and experience. Goal is to relate biology to issues of psychology

Question 5

Neurons

Answer 5

Convey messages to one another and to muscles and glands; vary in size, shape and function

Question 6

Glia

Answer 6

Smaller than Neurons and have many functions but do not convey info over great distances

Question 7

Physiological Explanation

Answer 7

relates a behavior to the activity of the brain and other organs; example, the chemical reactions that enable hormones to influence brain activity. Ex, songbird brain grows under influence of testosterone when breeding which enables the bird to sing.

Question 8

Ontogenetic Explanation

Answer 8

Describes a structure or behavior develops including influences of genes, nutrition, experiences and their interactions. EX, the ability to inhibit impluses develops from infancy. Ex, Bird learns song by listening to adult male; requires genes and opportunity to hear song during infancy.

Question 9

Evolutionary Explanation

Answer 9

Constructs the evolutionary history of a structure. Example, monkeys use tools, we evolved to use them better; Ex, some pairs of birds have similar song suggesting they evolved from single ancestor

Question 10

Functional Explanation

Answer 10

Describes why a structure or behavior evolved as it did. Ex, is an animal able to naturally camouflage; Ex, birds evolved tendencies to sing during season and in certain territories

Question 11

Genetic Drift

Answer 11

Gene that spreads by accident

Question 12

Difference between evolutionary explanation and functional explanation?

Answer 12

EE states what evolved from what, ex humans evolved from primates certain features. FA states why something was advantageous and therefore evolutionary selected.

Question 13

Gene

Answer 13

Units of heredity that maintain their structural identity from one generation to another.

Question 14

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Answer 14

double-stranded moleule that is part of the chromosomes

Question 15

Chromosomes

Answer 15

Strands of genes

Question 16

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Answer 16

A single strand chemical

Question 17

Enzymes

Answer 17

biological catalyst that regulate chemical reactions to the body

Question 18

Homozygous

Answer 18

Anyone with an identical pair of genes on the two chromosomes

Question 19

Heterozygous

Answer 19

Anyone with unmatched pair of genes

Question 20

Sex-Limited Genes

Answer 20

Gene that exerts its effects primarily in one sex because of activation by androgens or estrogens, although members of both sexes may have the gene.

Question 21

Sex-Linked Genes

Answer 21

Gene on either the X or the Y chromosomes.

Question 22

Difference between Sex-Linked and Sex-Limited

Answer 22

A sex linked gene is on a sex chromosome (usually X). A sex-limited gene could be on any chromosome, but it is activated by sex hormones and therefore shows its effects only in one sex or the other

Question 23

Mutation

Answer 23

a heritable change in the DNA module

Question 24

Epigenetics

Answer 24

deals with changes in gene expression without modification of the DNA sequence

Question 25

methyl group

Answer 25

tightens the histone molecule’s grip on DNA, exposing fewer genes to activation

Question 26

acetyl group

Answer 26

loosens the grip and increases gene activation

Question 27

Monozygotic

Answer 27

From One Egg

Question 28

Dizygotic

Answer 28

From Two Eggs

Question 29

Evidence of Hereditary

Answer 29

one type of evidence is greater similarity between monozygotic twins than dizygotic twins. Another is resemblance between adopted children and their biological parents. A third is a demonstration that a gene is more common than average among people who show a particular behavior

Question 30

Phenylketonuria or PKU

Answer 30

a genetic inability to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine

Question 31

Fitness

Answer 31

is defined as the number of copies of one’s genes that endure in later generations. More kids means you are for fit

Question 32

Altruistic behavior

Answer 32

an action that benefits someone other than the actor

Question 33

Group Selection

Answer 33

more altruistic groups survive better than less cooperative ones

Question 34

Kin Selection

Answer 34

selection for a gene that benefits the individual’s relatives

Question 35

Reciprocal altruism

Answer 35

the idea that individuals help those who will return the favor

Question 36

Animals Reason 1

Answer 36

1) The Underlying mechanisms of behavior are similar across species and sometimes easier to study in a nonhuman species.
a. Understand a complex machine, start with simpler machine

Question 37

Animals Reason 2

Answer 37

2) We are interested in animals for their own sake.

Question 38

Animals Reason 3

Answer 38

3) What we learn about animals sheds light on human evolution

Question 39

Animals Reason 4

Answer 39

4) Legal or ethical restrictions prevent certain kinds of research on humans

Question 40

Animal rights minimalists

Answer 40

wishes to limit animal research to studies with little discomfort and much potential

Question 41

Animal rights abolitionist

Answer 41

wishes to eliminate all animal research regardless of how the animals are treated or how much value it might produce

Question 42

Bases of DNA

Answer 42

Adenine - thymine

Guanine - cytosine