Chapter 1 Flashcards
What is included in the hierarchy of structural organization?
Chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, and organismal Ievel.
Three essential concepts of A&P
The complementarity of structure and function, the hierarchy of structural organization, and homeostasis.
What is gross or microscopic anatomy?
Study of structures visible with the naked eye
What is regional anatomy?
All structures in a region
What is systemic anatomy?
Systems
What is surface anatomy?
Internal structure as it relates to the skin
Microscopic anatomy includes what?
Cytology and histology
What is psychology and what is histology?
Scientology in the study of cells and histology the study of tissues
What is developmental anatomy?
Study of structural changes throughout the lifespan
What is embryology?
Study of developmental changes before birth
Physiology is at what level?
At the cellular level
What are the eight necessary life functions?
Boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction and growth.
What are the five survival needs?
Food, water, air, temperature, and pressure.
What are the homeostatic control mechanisms?
Variable, receptor, control center, and effector.
What is the variable in relation to homeostatic control mechanisms?
Factor being regulated
What is the receptor in relation to homeostatic control mechanisms?
Sensor of change
What is the control center in relation to homeostatic control mechanisms?
Determines the setpoint
What is the effector in relation to homeostatic control mechanisms?
Output to stimulus
Negative feedback mechanisms do what?
Output shuts off or decreases original stimuli
What do positive feedback mechanisms do?
Rarely used, cascades
What is the anatomical position definition?
Palms forward and thumbs out
What are the two divisions of the dorsal body cavity?
Cranial and vertebral or spinal
One of the two divisions of the dorsal body cavity?
Thoracic ( pleural & mediastinal) & abdominopelvic
what is biochemistry?
The chemistry of living material or matter
What is the matter?
Occupies space and has mass
Describe Kinetic energy
Energy in action
Potential energy
Stored energy
Chemical energy
Potential energy stored in bonds and release in action
What is adenosine triphosphate ATP?
Molecule temporarily capturing food energy in its bonds
Electrical energy does what?
Forms charged particles
What is mechanical energy?
Energy directly involved in moving Matter.
What is radiant or electromagnetic energy?
Energy traveling in waves
Describe an element
It cannot be broken down further
What are the four elements making 96% body weight?
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen
What is an Atom?
The smallest unit maintaining properties of an element and is electrically neutral
What is an atomic symbol?
Abbreviation for an element or the first letter English or Latin
What does the nucleus contains?
Protons, neutrons, and a positive charge
What are the three types of mixtures?
Solutions, colloids, and suspensions
Three types of chemical bonds are
Ionic, covalent, and hydrogen
With the two types of covalent bonds?
Polar and nonpolar
Describe the nonpolar covalent bond
Nonpolar covalent bond shares electrons equally
Describe a polar covalent bond
Shares electrons unequally
One of the three patterns of chemical reactions?
Synthesis, decomposition, and exchange
Describe synthesis
Synthesis equals composition, anabolic,
A+B —–> AB
Describe the decomposition
Broken down, catabolic
AB—-> A+B
Describe exchange
Displacement
AB + C—-> AC + B
What are the four factors affecting chemical reaction rate?
Temperature, concentration, particle size, and catalyst
Describe inorganic compounds
Inorganic compounds do not contain carbon and hydrogen to main ingredient
Difference between suspension and solution
Suspension is a mixture with large particles that will settle out and solutions are homogeneous, and transparent
Types of anatomy are
Regional anatomy, systemic anatomy, surface anatomy, microscopic anatomy, and developmental anatomy
What is regional anatomy?
All the structures muscles bones blood vessels and nerves in a particular region of the body examined at the same time
What is systemic anatomy?
Body structure is studied system by system
What is surface anatomy?
The study of the internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface
What is microscopic anatomy?
Deals with structure is too small to be seen with the naked eye
What are the two subdivisions of microscopic anatomy?
Histology and cytology
What is developmental anatomy?
Traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the lifespan
What is a some division of developmental anatomy?
Embryology
What is included in the hierarchy of structural organization?
Chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, and organismal level.
Describe chemical level in relation to The hierarchy of structural organization.
Chemical level, Atoms combine to form molecules and molecules associate to form organelles and organelles are the basic components of cells.
Describe The cellular level in relation to the hierarchy of structural organization
The simplest living creatures ourselves but in complex organisms such as human beings
Describe the tissue level in relation to the hierarchy of structural organization
Tissues are groups of similar cells that have a common function
Describe the organ level in relation to the hierarchy of structural organization
Extremely complex functions become possible the organ is a discrete structures composed of at least two tissue types that performs a specific function for the body
Describe the organ system level in relation to the hierarchy of structural organization
Organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose make up an organ system.
Describe the organismal level in relation to the hierarchy of structural organization
This is the highest level of organization and represents the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive.
What is pH?
The pH of the solution is defined as the negative the algorithm of the hydrogen ion concentration
What is a base?
Solute that removes hydrogen ions from a solution
What are acids?
Any solute that disassociates in solution and releases hydrogen ions
What is telephase?
Fourth phase of mitosis. The cell splits into chromosomes on wind into chromatin and mitotic spindle breaks down
What is anaphase?
The third stage of mitosis. Sister chromatids are pulled apart by spindle and move toward opposite ends of the cell
What is metaphase?
The second stage of mitosis chromosomes line up across the center and attach to the spindle fiber
What is interphase?
The cell grows performs its normal functions and prepares for division. Consists of G1, S, And G2 phases
What is Prophase?
The first stage of mitosis. Chromosomes become visible, centrosomes separate and migrate toward opposite poles, mitotic spindle’s and Asters form
What is hypertonic?
Solutions with higher concentration of non-penetration solutes
What is hypotonic?
More dilute than cells. Cells swell and burst.
What is gap junction?
Channel between ions, simple sugars and small molecules, composed of trans membranous proteins allows transportation, and sends messages in smooth muscle such as bladder.
What is desmosomes junction?
Anchoring junctions plaques and protein filaments
What is the pericardial cavity?
Cavity that surrounds the heart
What is the abdominal cavity?
Contains stomach, small intestine, most of the large intestine, appendix, liver, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen
