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Crafton Medical Microbiology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are four general characterisitics of bacteria?

A
  1. Single-cell prokaryotic organisms
  2. They have a peptidoglycan cell wall.
  3. They reproduce by binary fission.4. They are nutritionally diverse.
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2
Q

What percentage of alcohol to water should be used in order to be effective and why? MP

A

70% alcohol 30% water.Water has to disturb the bacteria membrane in order to allow the alcohol to work as an effective disinfectant. MP

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3
Q

What were Semmelweis and Lister ridiculed for? SR

A

They clamed that using disinfection and aseptic technique would dedused the spread of disease before microbes had been linked to disease.

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4
Q

What is Recombinant DNA? RA

A

It is DNA resulting from when genes of two different organisms are mixed. RA

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5
Q

Proof that microbes cause disease is known as

A

The Germ Theory

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6
Q

What are the two new forms of vaccines?

A

Edible and DNA

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7
Q

Some bacteria are able to survive on the skin of humans. What types of bacteria are these and what are unharmful bacteria found on humans called? MP

A

Halophiles because they can stand salty conditions. Normal flora is good human bacteria. MP

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8
Q

Roundworms are also referred as

A

nematodes

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9
Q

What is the most effective way to sterilize foods? MP

A

Autoclave MP

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10
Q

Who first observed “animalcules”?

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

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11
Q

What is Biotechnology? VL

A

the use of living organisms to produce a useful product.

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12
Q

Who was the first person to link fermentation to microbes?

A

Louis Pasteur

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13
Q

Spontaneous generation VL

A

Living organisms arise from non-living matter.

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14
Q

What five vital elements do microbes recycle?

A

Carbon, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorous, Oxygen

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15
Q

What are the three essential roles that microbes play? SR

A

1) Recycling of vital elements 2)Decompistion 3)Foundation of many food chains

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16
Q

WHAT ARE EXTREMEOPHILES?

A

THEY ARE ARCHAEA GROW BEST UNDER EXTREME CONDITIONS EX: HIGH TEMPERATURES, HIGH SALT CONCENTRATIONS, HIGH Ph MG

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17
Q

What are three factors that contribute to nosocomial infections? JW

A
  1. resistant microbes2. compromised hosts3. hospital transmission
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18
Q

What does Biogenesis refer to?

A

Living organisms that only arise from pre-existing living organisms.

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19
Q

Is normal flora an example of infection without disease or disease without infection? JW

A

infection without disease

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20
Q

What was Robert Hooke’s contribution to the development of microbiology? VL

A

Observed that cork was composed of individual cells.

21
Q

What is an example of Autoimmune disease?

A

Graves Disease, pretruding eyeballs

22
Q

WHAT IS NORMAL FLORA?

A

OUR BODY’S NORMAL BACTERIA THAT LIVES ON US AND IS NOT HARMFUL. **MICROBES THAT GROW ON OR IN US THAT DOES NOT CAUSE ANY SYMPTOMS ** DEFINITION PER THE NOTES. MG

23
Q

What is a pure culture? RA

A

It is a population or microbe that contains a single strain or species of microbes, that is usually derived from a single organism. RA

24
Q

The serendipitous discovery of penicillin can be attributed to who? JW

A

Alexander Fleming

25
Q

Who characterized and crystallized the virus structure? SR

A

Wendell Stanley

26
Q

Why does penicillin effect gram positive bacteria but not gram negative? MP

A

Gram positives are made of peptidoglycan walls which penicillin can break down. MP

27
Q

What is the treatment of disease using chemical subsances called? RA

A

Chemotherapy RA

28
Q

What is Etiology?

A

The study of the cause of a disease

29
Q

WHAT ARE THE 3 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VIRUSES?

A
  1. ACELLULAR PARTICULES - NOT COMPOSED OF CELLS 2. INERT OUTSIDE A HOST CELL - NO METABOLIC ACTIVITY OUTSIDE THE HOST CELL 3. USURP A HOST CELL FOR REPLICATION - TAKING OVER A HOST CELL MG
30
Q

What are the three general characterisitics of archaea? JW

A
  1. They do not have peptidoglycan in their cell walls 2. They are extremeophiles 3. They do not cause human disease
31
Q

Who was called the father of microbiology

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

32
Q

Nematodes and Platyhelminths are examples of ____ VL

A

Helminths

33
Q

What are 5 ways humans manipulate microbes in order to benefit from them?

A
  1. Sewage Treatment 2. Determination of water quality 3. Bioremediation 4. Medicine 5. Food Production
34
Q

What are the three new emerging diseases?

A

1)Ebola 2)Hantavirus 3) Aven Influenza

35
Q

What are Koch’s postulates? VL

A

Method used to identify the etiologic agent of a disease.

36
Q

Who proved that microorganisms cause disease? SR

A

Robert Koch

37
Q

Name the four basic microbes SR

A

Bacteria, Protozoa, Fungi, Viruses

38
Q

Who disproved Spontaneous generation and inturn proved Biogenesis

A

Louis Pasteur

39
Q

HOW DO YOU NAME MICROBES?

A

THERE IS A GENUS NAME FOLLOWED BY A SPECIES NAME.THEY ARE BOTH USUALLY DESCRIPTIVE.GENUS NAME IS ALWAYS CAPITALIZED AND THE SPECIES IS NOT.THEY ARE BOTH ALWAYS UNDERLINED OR ITALIC EX: Staphlococcus aureus MG

40
Q

Who was the first to discover vaccination.

A

Edward Jenner

41
Q

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS AN EXAMPLE OF A PHYSICAL TRAUMA? A.) FLU B.) BRONCHITIS C.) SUNBURN D.) ATHLETES FOOT

A

ANSWER: C. SUNBURN MG

42
Q

Who was the first to develop pure cultures?

A

Robert Koch

43
Q

What are the basic characteristics of fungi?

A
  1. Single-celled or multicellular eukaryotic organisms2. Possess a cell wall composed of chitin3. All are heterotrophs, do not use photosynthesis
44
Q

What are the basic characteristics of protozoa?

A
  1. Single-celled eukaryotic organisms2. Do not possess a cell wall3. Classified by their method of motility
45
Q

Who discovered a “filteable agent”?

A

Dimitri Iwanowski

46
Q

What is pasteurization?

A

A mild heating to reduce the number of disease or spoilage causing microbes in a liquid.

47
Q

Who developed aseptic technique by trying to prevent childbed fever?

A

Ignaz Semmelweis

48
Q

Who discovered the disinfection properties of phenol when preforming surgery?

A

Joseph Lister

49
Q

What is the technique of adding DNA to a cell called?

A

Genetic engineering

Crafton Medical Microbiology (3 decks)

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