Chapter 1

Question 1

Define globalization

Answer 1

A historical process involving a fundamental shift or transformation in the spatial scale of human social organization that links distant communities and expands the reach of power relations across regions and continents. It is also something of a catch-all phrase often used to describe a single world economy after the collapse of communism, though sometimes employed to define the growing integration of the international capitalist system in the post-war period.

Question 2

Define interconnectedness

Answer 2

The interweaving of human lives so that events in one region of the world have an impact on all or most other people.

Question 3

Define nation-state

Answer 3

A political community in which the state claims legitimacy on the grounds that is represents the nation. The nation-state would exist if nearly all the members of a single nation were organized in a single state, without any other national communities being present. Although the term is widely used, no such entities exist.

Question 4

Define global politics

Answer 4

The politics of global structures and processes by which ‘interests are articulated and aggregated, decisions are made values allocated and policies conducted through international or transnational political processes’.

Question 5

Define non-governmental organizations

Answer 5

A.K.A. NGO, any group of people relating to each other regularly in some formal manner and engaging in collective action, provided the activities are non-commercial, non-violent, and not on behalf of the government. They are often presumed to be altruistic groups or public interest groups, such as Amnesty International, Oxfam, or Greenpeace, but in UN practice they may come from any sector of civil society, including trades unions and faith communities.

Question 6

Define intergovernmental organizations

Answer 6

A.K.A. IGOs, an international organization in which full legal membership is officially solely open to states and the decision-making authority lies with representatives from governments.

Question 7

Define cooperation

Answer 7

Is required in any situation where parties must act together in order to achieve a mutually acceptable outcome.

Question 8

Define globalism

Answer 8

A growing collective awareness or consciousness of the world as a shared social space.

Question 9

Define interdependence

Answer 9

A condition where states (or people) are affected by decisions taken by others; for examples, a decision to raise interest rates in the USA automatically exerts upward pressure on interest rates in other states. Interdependence can be symmetric, i.e. both sets of actors are affected equally , or it can be asymmetric, where the impact varies between actors. A condition where the actions of one state impact on other states (can be strategic interdependence or economic). Realists equate interdependence with vulnerability.

Question 10

Define deterritorialization

Answer 10

A process in which the organization of social activities is increasingly less constrained by geographical proximity and national territorial boundaries. It is accelerated by the technological revolution, and refers to the diminution of influence of territorial places, distances, and boundaries over the way people collectively identify themselves or seek political recognition. This permits an expansion of global civil society but equally an expansion of global criminal or terrorist networks.

Question 11

Define internationalization

Answer 11

This term is used to denote high levels of international interaction and interdependence, most commonly with regard to the world economy. The term is often used to distinguish this condition from globalization, as the latter implies that there are no longer distinct national economies in a position to interact.

Question 12

Define regionalization

Answer 12

Growing interdependence between geographically contiguous states, as in the European Union

Question 13

Define uneven globalization

Answer 13

Describes the way in which contemporary globalization is unequally experienced across the world and among different social groups in such a way that it produces a distinctive geography of inclusion in, and exclusion from, the global system.

Question 14

Define institutionalization

Answer 14

The degree to which networks or patterns of social interaction are formally constituted as organizations with specific purposes.

Question 15

Define territoriality

Answer 15

Borders and territory still remain important, not least for administrative purposes. Under conditions of globalization, however, a new geography of political organization and political power is emerging which transcends territories and borders.

Question 16

Define sovereignty

Answer 16

The principles that within its territorial boundaries the state is the supreme political authority, and the outside those boundaries the state recognizes no higher political authority.

Question 17

Define global policy networks

Answer 17

Complexes which bring together the representatives of governments, international organizations, NGOs, and the corporate sector for the formulation and implementation of global public policy.

Question 18

Define global polity

Answer 18

The collective structures and processes by which ‘interests are articulated and aggregated, decisions are made, values are allocated and policies conducted through international or transnational political processes.

Question 19

Define world government

Answer 19

Associated in particular with those idealists who believe that peace can never be achieved in a world divided into separate sovereign states. Just as governments abolished the states of nature in civil society, the establishment of a world government must end the state of war in international society.

Question 20

Define global goverance

Answer 20

The loose framework of global regulation both institutional and normative, that constrains conduct. It has many elements: international organizations and law; transnational organizations and frameworks; elements of global civil society; and shared normative principles.

Question 21

Define transnational civil society

Answer 21

A political arena in which citizens and private interests collaborate across borders to advance their mutual goals or to bring governments and the formal institutions of global governance to account for their activities.

Question 22

Define collaboration

Answer 22

A form of cooperation requiring parties not to defect from a mutually desirable strategy for an individually preferable strategy.

Question 23

Define state autonomy

Answer 23

In a more interdependent world, simply to achieve domestic objectives national governments are forced to engage in extensive multilateral collaboration and cooperation. But in becoming more embedded in frameworks of global and regional governance states confront a real dilemma: in return for more effective public policy and meeting their citizens’ demands, whether in relation to the drugs trade or employment, their capacity for self-governance - that is state autonomy - is compromised

Question 24

Define disaggregated state

Answer 24

The tendency for states to become increasingly fragmented actors in global politics as every part of the government machine becomes entangled with its foreign counterparts and others in dealing with global issues through proliferating transgovernmental and global policy networks.

Question 25

Define collective actor

Answer 25

a group of individuals with enough centralized decision-making to be treated as an individual for the purposes of analysis.

Question 26

Define order

Answer 26

A condition in which an individual’s and unit’s interacts are regulated by a widely accepted set of rules, structures, and practices.

Question 27

Define system

Answer 27

A group of individuals and/or units that interact with each other to form an integrated whole that is greater than the sum of its parts

Question 28

Define unit

Answer 28

in IR, a collect actor or group of people