Chapter 1

Question 1

develpment

Answer 1

the pattern of movement or change that starts at conception and continues through life span

Question 2

life span perception

Answer 2

the perspective that development is life long, multidimensional, mutidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, contextual,

Question 3

context

Answer 3

the setting in which development occurs, which is influenced by historical, economic, social, and cultural factors

Question 4

normative age graded influences

Answer 4

bilogical and environmental influences that are similar for the individuals in a particular age group

Question 5

normative history-graded influences

Answer 5

associated with history. common to people of the same generation

Question 6

nonnormative life events

Answer 6

unusual occurrences that have a major impact on a person’s life. the occurences pattern and sequence of these events are not applicaple to many individuals

Question 7

culture

Answer 7

the bahvior patterns beliefs and all other products of a group that are passed on from gen to gen

Question 8

cross cultural studies

Answer 8

comparisions of one culture to another. these provide info about the degree to which children’s development is similar or universal accross cultures

Question 9

ethnicity

Answer 9

a range of characteristics rooted in cultural heritage including nationaity, race, relgion, language..

Question 10

SES

Answer 10

refers to conceptual grouping of people with similar occupational, educational, economic, characteristics

Question 11

gender

Answer 11

the psychological and sociocultural dimensions of being male or female

Question 12

social policy

Answer 12

a national government;s course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens

Question 13

biological proccess

Answer 13

changes in an individuals physical nature

Question 14

cognitive processes

Answer 14

changes in an individuals thought, intelligence, and languages

Question 15

socioemotional processes

Answer 15

changes in an individuals relationships with other people, emotions, and personality

Question 16

stability change issue

Answer 16

the debate about the degree to which early traits and characteristics persist through life or change

Question 17

continuity or discontinuity debate

Answer 17

the debate about the extent to which development involves gradual, cummulatice change (continuity) or distinct changes (discontinuity)

Question 18

theory

Answer 18

a coherent set of ideas that helps to explain data and to make predictions

Question 19

hypothesis

Answer 19

assertions or predictions often derived from theories that can be tested

Question 20

psychoanalytic theories

Answer 20

theories holding that development depends primarily on the unconscious mind and is heavily couched in emotion, that behavior is merely a surface characteristics that isimportant to analuuze the smbolic meaning of behavior and early experiences

Question 21

eriksons theory

Answer 21

a psychoanalytic theory in which eight stages of psychosocial development unfold throughout the human life span. each stage consists of a unique developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis that must be faced

Question 22

piagets theory

Answer 22

the theory that chuldren construct their understaning of the world and go through four stages of cognitive development

Question 23

vygotskys theory

Answer 23

a socio cultural theory that emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development

Question 24

information-processing theory

Answer 24

a theory that emphasizes that individuals manipulate information, monitor it and stategize about it. the processes of memory and thinking are central

Question 25

Social cognitive theory

Answer 25

The theory that behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors are important in understanding development

Question 26

Ethology

Answer 26

An approach that stresses that behavior is strongly influenced by biology, tied to evolution, and characterized by critical or sensitive periods

Question 27

Bro gentleness ecological theory

Answer 27

Bronfenvrenners environmental systems theory, which focuses on five environmental systems: Microsystems, mesosystems, ecosystem, macrosystem, and chronosysten

Question 28

Eclectic theoretical orientation

Answer 28

An approach that selects and uses whatever is considered the best in many theories

Question 29

Naturalistic observation

Answer 29

Observations that occur in a real-world setting without any attempt to manipulate the system

Question 30

case study

Answer 30

An indepth examination of an individual

Question 31

Descriptive research

Answer 31

Type of research that aims to observe and record behavior

Question 32

standardized test

Answer 32

a test that is given with uniform procedures for administration and scoring

Question 33

correlative research

Answer 33

a type of research that focuses on describing the strength of the relation between two or more event

Question 34

correlative coefficient

Answer 34

a number based on statistical analysis that is used to describe the degree of association between two variables

Question 35

experiment

Answer 35

a carefully regulated procedure in which one or more of the factors beliebed to influence the bahavior being studied is manipulated

Question 36

cross-selected approach

Answer 36

a research strategy in which individuals of different ages are compared at one time

Question 37

longitudinal approach

Answer 37

a research strategy in which the same individuals are studied over a period of time, usually several years or more

Question 38

cohort effects

Answer 38

effects that are due to a subjects time of birth or generation but not age