chapter 1

Question 1

What does SOFAR stand for

Answer 1

SOund Frequency and Rannging

Question 2

Hypothesis

Answer 2

Explanation of measurable observations, an idea about a cause or relationship between cause and effect

Question 3

Theory

Answer 3

a well substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that can incorporate facts, laws, logical inferences, and tested hypotheses

Question 4

A scientist develops tests or experiments based on a hypothesis to

Answer 4

Find data and proof that the hypothesis is incorrect.

Question 5

The scientific method

Answer 5

Is “evolutionary” and based on the best available answer in a given time.

Question 6

Age of the universe

Answer 6

~13.8 billion years old

Question 7

Age of the solar system

Answer 7

~5 billion years old

Question 8

Age of the Earth

Answer 8

~4.6 billion years old

Question 9

Red shifts

Answer 9

Wavelength increases up towards the red and beyond (frequency decreases)

Question 10

Blue shifts

Answer 10

decrease in wavelength (increase in frequency) caused by relative motion, even outside the visible spectrum

Question 11

Big bang theory- where do the elements come from

Answer 11

14 bya

Question 12

formation of the earth (Density stratification)

Answer 12

heavier stuff sinks and lighter matter forms crust

Question 13

sources and timing of the oceans (Where is the water from)

Answer 13

outgassing (from origin of earths atmosphere) released water vapor

Question 14

Eratosthenes

Answer 14

determined Earth’s circumference fairly accurately

Question 15

Magellan

Answer 15

Spaniard. circumnavigated the globe. killed on a pacific island 1521

Question 16

James Cook

Answer 16

undertook 3 scientific voyages (Endeavour, resolution, adventure) mapped many islands in pacific, systematically measured ocean characteristics, marine chronograph (longitude)

Question 17

Phoenicians

Answer 17

first from western hemisphere to develop navigation arts.
explored mediterranean sea, red sea, and indian ocean.
first circumnavigation of Africa.
Reached the British Isles
2000 BC

Question 18

Greeks

Answer 18

Pytheas- Sailed north using a method to determine latitude in 325 BC using north star
Eratosthenes- determined circumference

Question 19

Vikings

Answer 19

explored north atlantic ocean
settled iceland and greenland
greenland settlements abandoned due to climatic cooling

Question 20

Latitude

Answer 20

Pytheas determined using north star

Question 21

Longitude

Answer 21

james cook. marine chronograph

Question 22

the heaviest naturally occurring element is

Answer 22

Uranium

Question 23

formation of earth- Accretion

Answer 23

small particles clump into larger masses

Question 24

elements on earth- most abundant to least

Answer 24

nitrogen oxygen argon carbon dioxide

Question 25

earliest life on earth

Answer 25

3.5 billion years old in the oceans

Question 26

The red light shift we see in other galaxies indicating that they are moving away from ours is a result of the

Answer 26

Doppler effect

Question 27

Elements with atomic weights up to carbon are formed in the centers of ______ by a process called ______

Answer 27

Main sequence stars/ fusion

Question 28

The largest reservoir of freshwater on our planet is (are)

Answer 28

glaciers

Question 29

An explanation that is supported by many observations has no major flaws, has been tested extensively and is accepted by the scientific community is a

Answer 29

Theory