chapter 1 Flashcards
What does SOFAR stand for
SOund Frequency and Rannging
Hypothesis
Explanation of measurable observations, an idea about a cause or relationship between cause and effect
Theory
a well substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that can incorporate facts, laws, logical inferences, and tested hypotheses
A scientist develops tests or experiments based on a hypothesis to
Find data and proof that the hypothesis is incorrect.
The scientific method
Is “evolutionary” and based on the best available answer in a given time.
Age of the universe
~13.8 billion years old
Age of the solar system
~5 billion years old
Age of the Earth
~4.6 billion years old
Red shifts
Wavelength increases up towards the red and beyond (frequency decreases)
Blue shifts
decrease in wavelength (increase in frequency) caused by relative motion, even outside the visible spectrum
Big bang theory- where do the elements come from
14 bya
formation of the earth (Density stratification)
heavier stuff sinks and lighter matter forms crust
sources and timing of the oceans (Where is the water from)
outgassing (from origin of earths atmosphere) released water vapor
Eratosthenes
determined Earth’s circumference fairly accurately
Magellan
Spaniard. circumnavigated the globe. killed on a pacific island 1521
James Cook
undertook 3 scientific voyages (Endeavour, resolution, adventure) mapped many islands in pacific, systematically measured ocean characteristics, marine chronograph (longitude)
Phoenicians
first from western hemisphere to develop navigation arts.
explored mediterranean sea, red sea, and indian ocean.
first circumnavigation of Africa.
Reached the British Isles
2000 BC
Greeks
Pytheas- Sailed north using a method to determine latitude in 325 BC using north star
Eratosthenes- determined circumference
Vikings
explored north atlantic ocean
settled iceland and greenland
greenland settlements abandoned due to climatic cooling
Latitude
Pytheas determined using north star
Longitude
james cook. marine chronograph
the heaviest naturally occurring element is
Uranium
formation of earth- Accretion
small particles clump into larger masses
elements on earth- most abundant to least
nitrogen oxygen argon carbon dioxide
earliest life on earth
3.5 billion years old in the oceans
The red light shift we see in other galaxies indicating that they are moving away from ours is a result of the
Doppler effect
Elements with atomic weights up to carbon are formed in the centers of ______ by a process called ______
Main sequence stars/ fusion
The largest reservoir of freshwater on our planet is (are)
glaciers
An explanation that is supported by many observations has no major flaws, has been tested extensively and is accepted by the scientific community is a
Theory
