Chapter 1 Flashcards
Which of the following characteristics are NOT observed in prokaryotes?
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- Cell wall
- Highly structured cytoplasm
- The ability to divide rapidly
Endoplasmic reticulum and highly structured cytoplasm
Which of the following can be described as the smallest living unit?
- DNA. 2. Cell
- Organelle. 4. Protein
Cell
All of the different proteins in a cell are made from the same 20 _____?
Nucleotides
Sugars
Amino acids
Fatty acids
Amino acids
Choose the correct series of biochemical reactions from the options presented here.
Replication, transcription, translation
Replication, translation, transcription
Translation, replication, transcription
Translation, transcription, replication
Replication, transcription, translation
Which statement is not true about mutations?
- A mutation is a change in the DNA that can generate offspring less fit for survival than their parents
- A mutation can be a result of imperfect DNA duplication
- A mutation is a result of sexual reproduction
- A mutation is a change in the DNA that can generate offspring that are as fit for survival as their parents are
3.
The process of change and selection over the course of many generations is the basis of ______?
- Reproduction
- Heredity
- Evolution
- Mutation
Evolution
Select the option that best finishes the following statement: “evolution is a process _____”
- By which present day cells arose from 4-5 different ancestral cells
- That results from repeated cycles of adaptation over billions of years
- That requires hundreds of thousands if years
- That can be understood based on the principles of mutation and selection
That can be understood based on the principles of mutation and selection
Select the option that correctly finished the following statement: “A cells genome _____”
- Contains all of a cells DNA
- Is defined as all the gens being used to make proteins
- Constantly changes, depending upon the cells environment
- Is altered during embryonic development
Contains all of a cells DNA
Which statement is NOT true about the events/conclusions from studies during the mid-1800s surrounding the discovery of cells?
- Cells came to be known as the smallest universal building blocks of living organisms
- Scientists came to the conclusion that new cells can form spontaneously from the remnants of ruptured cells
- Light microscopy was essential in demonstrating the commonalities between plant and animal tissues
- New cells arise from the growth and division of previously existing cells
2.
What unit of length would you generally use to measure a typical plant or animal cell?
Centimeters
Nanometers
Millimeters
Micrometers
Micrometers
Even though fluorescence permits better visualization, the resolving power is essentially the same as that of a standard light microscope because the resolving power of a microscope is limited by the _____ of light.
Absorption
Intensity
Filtering
Wavelength
Wavelength
What is the smallest distance two pints can be separated and still resolved using light microscopy?
20 nm
0.2 micrometers
2 micrometers
200 micrometers
0.2 micrometers
By definition, prokaryotic cells do not possess ______.
A nucleus
Replication machinery
Ribosomes
Membrane bilayers
A nucleus
Which of the options below lists the three main characteristics that support the rapid evolution of prokaryotic populations?
- Large population, rapid growth, can exchange DNA
- No organelles, cell wall, can exchange DNA
- Aerobic, motile, rapid growth
- Microscopic, motile, anaerobic
Large population, rapid growth, can exchange DNA
Which of the following inorganic molecules would you predict to be the predominant building block for fats, sugars, and proteins?
O2 N2
CO2 H2
CO2
The _____ ______ is made up of two concentric membranes and is continuous with the membrane of the Endoplasmic reticulum.
Plasma membrane
Golgi network
Mitochondrial membrane
Nuclear envelope
Nuclear envelope
The nucleus, an organelle found in eukaryotic cells, confines the ____, keeping them separated from the other components of the cell.
Lysosomes
Chromosomes
Peroxisomes
Ribosomes
Chromosomes
Which of the following organelles has both an outer and an inner membrane?
Endoplasmic reticulum
Mitochondrion
Lysosome
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
Mitochondria can’t function for long when isolated from the cell because they are ______.
Anaerobes
Viruses
Parasites
Endosymbionts
Endosymbionts
The mitochondrial proteins found in the inner membrane are involved in the conversion of ADP to ATP, a source of energy for the cell. This process consumes which of the following substances?
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Sulfur
Carbon dioxide
Oxygen
Where is chlorophyll located in the chloroplast?
- In the first, outer membrane
- In the space between the first and second membranes
- In the second, inner membrane
- In the third, innermost membrane
In the third, inner most membrane
Photosynthesis enables plants to capture the energy from sunlight. In this essential process, plants incorporate the carbon from CO2 into high energy _____ molecules, which the plant cell mitochondria use to produce ATP.
- Fat
- Sugar
- Protein
- Fiber
Sugar
Which of the following choices best describes the role of the lysosomes?
- Transport of material to the Golgi
- Clean up, recycling, and disposal of macromolecules
- Sorting of transport vesicles
- The storage of excess macromolecules
Clean up, recycling, and disposal of macromolecules
Which term describes the process by which external materials are captured inside vesicles and brought into the cell?
- Degradation
- Exocytosis
- Phagocytosis
- Endocytosis
Endocytosis
Eukaryotic cells are able to trigger the release of material from secretory vesicles to the extra cellular space using a process called Exocytosis. An example of materials commonly released this way is ______.
Hormones Nucleic acids
Sugars Cytosolic proteins
Hormones
______ are fairly small organelles that provide a safe place within the cell to carry out certain biochemical reactions that generate harmful, highly reactive oxygen species.
Nucleosomes Lysosomes
Peroxisomes Endosomes
Peroxisomes
Which of the cytoskeletal elements listed below is the thickest?
Microtubles
Actin filaments
Intermediate filaments
None of the above
Microtubules
What is likely to be the most ancient function of the cytoskeleton?
Cell motility
Vesicle transport
Membrane support
Cell division
Cell division
Which of the following characteristics would NOT support the idea that the ancestral eukaryote was a predator cell that captured and consumed other cells?
- Dynamic cytoskeleton
- Large cell size
- Ability to move
- Rigid membrane
Rigid membrane
Choose the phrase that best completed this sentence: microtubules ______ and are required to pull duplicated chromosomes to opposite poles of dividing cells.
- Generate contractile forces
- Are intermediate in thickness
- Can rapidly reorganize
- Are found in especially large numbers in muscle cells
Can rapidly reorganize
On average, eukaryotic cells are ____ times longer and have _____ times more volume than prokaryotic cells.
5, 100
10, 200
10, 100
10, 1000
10, 1000
Biologists cannot possibly study all living species. Instead, they try to understand cell behavior by studying a select subset of them. Which of the following characteristics are useful in an organism chosen for use as a model in laboratory studies?
- Amenability to genetic manipulation
- Ability to grow under controlled conditions
- Rapid rate of reproduction
- All of the above
All of the above
Which bacterial species had a central role in advancing the field of molecular biology?
- E. Coli
- D. Melanogaster
- S. Pombe
- C. Elegans
E. Coli
Brewers yeast, apart from being an irreplaceable asset in the brewery and in the bakery, is an experimental organism used to study eukaryotic cells. However, it does have some limitations. Which of the processes below cannot be studied in yeast?
- DNA replication
- Cell motility
- Exocytosis
- Cell division
Cell motility
Arapidopsis, is a common weed. Biologists have selected it over hundreds of thousands of other flowering plant species to serve as an experimental model organism because _______.
- It can withstand cold climates
- It can reproduce in 8-10 weeks
- It produces thousands of offspring per plant
- Both 2 and 3 are true
It can reproduce in 8-10 weeks
Drosophila melanogaster is a/an ________. This type of animal is most abundant of all animal species, making it an appropriate choice as an experimental model.
- Insect
- Bird
- Amphibian
- Mammal
Insect
The process by which certain cells are specifically targeted for destruction is called ______.
Directed cell pruning
Programmed cell death
Autophagy
Necrosis
Programmed cell death
Zebrafish are especially useful in the study of early developmental because their embryos ________.
- Are exceptionally large
- Develop slowly
- Are transparent
- Are pigmented
Are transparent
You wish to explore how mutations in specific genes affecting sugar metabolism might alter tooth development. Which organism is likely to provide the best model system for your studies?
Horses
Mice
E. Coli
Arabidopsis
Mice
Scientists learned that cell death is a normal and even important part of life by studying the development of the nematode worm. What was the most important feature of the nematode worm for the study of programmed cell death?
- The nematode is smaller and simpler than the fruit fly
- 70% of the nematode genes have homologs in humans
- The developmental pathway of each cell in the adult worm was known
- It’s genome was partially sequenced.
The developmental pathway of each cell I’m the adult worm was known
