Chapter 1-3 Exam 1A Flashcards
- strong in water
- enzymes make them and enzymes can ONLY break them
- shared electrons
Covalent bond
One pair of electrons shared
Covalent rotation
Two pairs electrons shared
Double covalent inflexible 3D
- weak in water
- easy to break
Non covalent bonds
Electronegativity determines whether:
Polar or non polar
Electrons shared equally
Non polar covalent
Electrons not shared equally
Polar covalent
C-H
Non polar
-same electronegative
C-O
C-N
O-H
Polar
-different electronegative
H20
Polar
Because it pulls away
O2
Non polar
Equal distribution
Heat affects
Macromolecules
Effect in water on hydrophobic molecules Ex. Oil and water - plays role in membranes - reason why proteins fold - and why they in fold when heated
Hydrophobic forces
When two atoms are very close together
- can cause attraction or repel
- nucleus will repel because both are positive
- once atoms get further no effect
Van Der Waals
Functional groups
Methyl Hydroxyl Carboxyl Amino Phosphate Carbonyl
OH
Methyl
COOH
Carboxyl
NH2
Amino
PO3H2
Phosphate
C=O
Carbonyl
Make up most of the dry weight in cells
Macromolecules
Chemistry of life
- Based on carbon compounds
- Depends on chemical reactions in a aqueous solution
- Dominated and coordinated by collections of polymeric molecules
- Tightly regulated
Small
-sugar
Large
- polysaccharide
- glycogen
- starch
Small
-fatty acid
Large
- gas and membrane lipids
Small
- amino acids
Large
- proteins
Small
Nucleotides
Large
Nucleic acid
No covalent bonds hold what into a stable shape
Macromolecules
Peptide but mods behave as a
Partial double bond
Peptide bond links
Amino acids
How do you make a unfavorable reactions
- Coupled reactions
2. Product removal
How do you over come non competitive inhibitors
Increase enzyme
Over come competitive inhibitors
Increase substrate
Electrons are shared between atoms to form molecules
Bond
Covalent bond
