Chapter 1-3 Flashcards
Communication
The process where by humans collectively create and regulate social reality.
Communicative Competence
ability to communicate in a personally effective and socially appropriate manner.
Process Competence
the cognitive activity and knowledge that allows individuals to generate preformative competence; everything we know in order to communicate competently.
Implicit Knowledge
knowledge we don’t stop to think about, that we use unconsciously to guide our behavior.
Interpretive Competence
the ability to label, organize, and interpret the conditions surrounding an interaction.
Role Competence
The ability to take on social roles and know what is appropriate behavior given these roles.
Message Competence
Ability to make message choices that others can comprehend as well as to attend to and understand the message choice of others.
Verbal Competence
Using language effectively
Nonverbal competence
Using nonverbal codes effectively
Listening competence
Processing messages effectively
Culture
The set of values, beliefs, customs, and codes that bind people together.
approximeeting
Tendency to avoid scheduling specific appointments.
Sexting
Using cell phones to send suggetive photos of oneself to others.
process perspective
becoming aware of what’s going on when you communicate, and beginning to recognize how the underlying processes involved in communication manifest themselves in everyday preformance.
Situational Approach
belief that interpersonal communication occurs whenever two people are in face to face interactions regardless of the intimacy of that interaction.
Developmental Approach
Belief that interpersonal communication occurs only when two people get to know each other deeply, by exchanging information at the psychological level
Interpersonal Communication
Communication between two people, generally face-to-face interaction.
Ex: asking a profesor what will be on test.
Dyadic Communication
two person communication; another name for interpersonal communication.
-spontaneous, informal, flexible roles, maximum feedback.
Small-group Communication
Communication among three or more individuals in which each member knows every other member and can interact freely with all others.
Ex: group projects
Organizational Communication
Communication in large businesses or industries and government institutions.
ex: communication in army
Face-to-face Public Communication
When a speaker adresses a large group simultaneously.
ex: presidental canidate adressing a national convention.
Mediated Public(or mass) Communication
Audience is large but transmission is indirect.
Ex:nightly news broadcast.
Relationships as Constellations of Behaviors
A relationship is equivant to the interdependent actions of two people; the way two people behave toward each other is their relationship.
Relationships as Cognitive Constructs
A relationship is the way we think about out behaviors.
ex: interacting with another person, forming mental image and compare to prototype
Relationships as Mini-Cultures
People in relationships create unique understandings and values that constitue their relational culture.
Relationships as Collections of Contradictory Forces
Relationships can be defined by the ways in which partners view and resolve dialectical tensions.
What are the characteristics of relationships?
- Interpersonal relationships begin with awareness.
- looking up and seeing someone staring at you. - Interpersonal relationships develop through coordinated interaction.
- welcome interaction to lead to development of deeper relationship - As relationships unfold, we begin to analyze and evaluate them.
- mental representations - Our relationships are influenced by outside forces
- cultural norms&media models, approval of family&friends, when surroundings are stressful relationship suffers. - Our relationships can control us as much as we control them.
- Relationships are constructed and maintained through communication.
- we recreate and refine everytime we communicate.
Memory Organization Packets(MOPS)
Memories of what has happend in the relationship; helps us stabilize and define the relationship. ex:breakups
Relational Prototype
A mental guide that specifies what a certain kind of relationship should look like.
Natural Language Label
Words or word we use to describe a relationship. ex: friend
Criteral Attributes
Characteristics a relationship must have to be classifed by a given language label ex: trust shown by keeping secrets.
Private Relationships
Close, personal relationships; makes difference who partner is. Rules of behavior are individualistic, Rewards intrinsic.
Public Relationship
Relationships that are formal and distant; members substitutable and autonomous, rules are normative, rewards are extrinsic
Relationshipping
the process of building and maintaining healthy relationships.
Characteristics of Healthy Relationships
- There is a shared vision of where the relationship is and where it is going.
- There ar clear rules that have been mutually negotiated and that work to benefit the relationship itself.
- There is a shared work ethic. (relational work)
- Metacommunication is valued.
Spontaneous Communication
A sender’s nonvoluntary display of inner emotional states and a receiver’s direct and immediate sensory awareness of those states. (Natural Gestures)
Symbolic Communication
The use of arbitrary symbols, socially defined and intended to convey specific messages. ex: walking around with a saggy posture and hangdog face to get sympathy.
Power of Nonverbal Cues
- Are frequently given more credence and are trusted more than verbal communication
- More emotional powerful, can remember smells better than objects.
- While influence by culture, do express more universal meaning. 6universal facial expression
- Continuous and natural; are immediate
- Occur in clusters; serval channels.
Status
is conveyed by nonverbal cues indicating how important or influential we think we are compared to others.
Complementing
Nonverbal elaboration of verbal message.
Accenting
Nonverbals that underline or focus attention on a specific word or phrase.
Ex: pounding fist saying “i’ve had it!”
Repeating
Doing a nonverbal behavior that has the same meaning as the verbal message.
Ex: saying yes and nodding.
Regulating
Using nonverbal behaviors to facilitate and manage the flow of conversation.
-nonverbals are responsible for smoothness of taking turns, avoiding long pauses, changing topics, signaling end of conversation.
Proxemics
Nonverbal code involving the use and interpretations of physical space to communicate.
Three Dimentions
Arousal-nonarousal, dominance-submissiveness, and pleasure-displeasure.
Territoriality
The legal or assumed ownership of space.
- public territory
- interactional territory
- home territories
- body territory
Personal Space
Imaginary and flexible bubble extending out from one’s body and used to regulate conversational distance between communicators.
Kinesics
Study of body movements such as gestures, posture, and head, trunk, and limb movements.
Emblems
Gestures that can easily be translated into vocal statements.
Illustrators
Nonverbal behaviors thst accompany speech, often emphasizing particular words or painting a picture of what is being said.
Ex: hand batons
Affect Display
Nonverbal cued that signal emotions. Ex: Tantrum
Regulators
Nonverbals that help control interaction flow. Ex: leaning forward to engage in conversation.
Self-Adaptors
Manipulations of your own body.
Ex: chewing your nails.
Object-Adaptors
Material objects used in the tension management process.
Ex: smoking
Gaze
Using sight to monitor and regulate another’s behavior or to express emotions.
Looking
Gazing in the direction of the other’s eyes.
Seeing
Visual contact with the whole person.
Facial Blend
A mixture of traces of various emotions on the face, such as fear&anger.
Leakage Cues
Unintended signs of our real feelings.
Physical Apperance
Nonverbal code that includes facial features, skin, hair color, hairstyle, and body shape and our manipulation of these festures to communicate messages.
Body Types
A person’s body structure (thin, muscular, plump)
Body Symmetry
The extent to which both sides of the body (or face) mirror each other.
Body Proportionality
(Phi ratio) relative length, size, or distance between related physical features. Ex: waist-to-hip ratio F
Vocalics
Meanings reflected in the sounds of the voice itself (paralinguistics) apart from the content of a verbal message; not what you say but how you say it.
Vocal Qualities
Includes loudness, pitch, inflection, tempo, rhythm, intensity, articulation, snd resonance.
Vocal Characteristics
More specific sounds that we may occasionally recognize as speech acts themselves. Ex: laughing
Vocal Segregates
Sounds that get in the way of fluent speech, “uhm”, stuttering and uncomfortable silences.
Chronemics
Interpreting messaged associated with time.
Olfaction
Meanings associated with smells emitted by the human body.
Haptics
Nonverbal code of touch.
Compensation
Reaction to a nonverbal violation by doing the opposite of what the violator did.
Ex: someone sitting next to you when there are many open seats.
Reciprocation
We react in kind to a change that has occured.
Ex: someone moving in close, we move close or get up
>if you have high arousal you will get up.
Expectancy Violations Theory
Explains how violations of expectations about nonverbal closeness are interpreted, what factors influence those interpretations and how people respond to such violations
2 key factors:
Violation Valence & Reward Value of other person.
Violation Valence
Our perception of the positive or negative value of the violating behavior itself.
Cognitive Valence Theory
Builds on expectancy violations theory by specifying additional factors, including perception of the violation, arousal level, and relevant cognitive schemata- that help explain reactions to violations.
Equivocal Communication
Messages that are ambiguous, uncertain, or open to more than one equally appropriate interpretation.
Emotions
Transitory social roles involving one’s assessment of a social situation that are experienced as passions rather than actions. Ex: crying at funeral.
Four Types of Messages?
Verbal/Vocal: communication through the spoken word.
Verbal/Nonvocal: words are involved but no speaking takes place. ex:writing
Nonverbal/Vocal: vocalizations where no words are spoken. ex: groans
Nonverbal/Nonverbal: involves only gestures and apperance. ex: looking angry
Monochromic
Linear in time, time is money, scheduled, planning, interruptions frowned upon.
Polychromic
Multiple things at once.
Nonverbal Codes : Silence
- can create a wide range of emotions and ideas, not valued in Western cultures.
- seen as lack of initative or attention, problematic in work situations, school and interpersonal situations.
- can make use nervous
Self competence
Ability to choose and present a desired self image.
Goal competence
Ability to set goals, anticipate probable consequences, and choose effective lines of action.
