Chapter 1-3

Question 1

What is inter-observer reliability?

Answer 1

Measures how much observers agree on what they’re observing

—used in observational data

Question 2

Representative heristic

Give example

Answer 2

Mental short cut to figure out which group somebody belongs to
Adaptive
Tendency to be wrong b/c we ignore base rates (stats, probability)
EX: black man must be violent, even though statistically unlikely. Stereotype.

Question 3

Falsifiable

Answer 3

A predetermined way of proving something wrong

Question 4

empirical INDUCTIVE

Answer 4

Collect data and then try to explain it with theory

Question 5

Theoretical DEDUCTIVE

Answer 5

Theory comes first, then it’s tested

Question 6

Barnum effect

Give example

Answer 6

A type of subjective validation in which a person finds personal meaning in statements that could apply to anyone
EX: horoscopes

Question 7

Confirmation bias

Give example

Answer 7

Selectively focusing on instances that support hypothesis and ignore instances that refute it
EX: focus on one time psychic was right and ignore all the times they’re wrong

Question 8

Illusory correlation

Give example

Answer 8

We think 2 things are related when they’re not

EX: good luck charm

Question 9

Availability Herestic

Answer 9

Mental short cut to figure out how likely something is by coming up with examples. The more examples we can come up with the more likely something is
EX: are there more words that start w R or have R as the 3rd letter?

Question 10

Null hypothesis

Answer 10

The “there’s nothing going on” hypothesis

Question 11

Alternative hypothesis

Answer 11

Something IS going on

Can be directional or nondirecional

Question 12

Directional hypothesis EXAMPLE

Answer 12

Coffee drinkers have MORE energy

Question 13

Non-directional hypothesis EXAMPLE

Answer 13

Coffee drinkers have DIFFERENT energy levels than non-coffee drinkers

Question 14

What is SD when there is ZERO variability?

Answer 14

Zero

Question 15

To reject the null hypothesis, does P have to be greater or less than the alpha level?

Answer 15

Less

Question 16

2 main types of hypothesis

Give example of each

Answer 16

Differences between groups
(Coffee drinkers have more energy than non coffee drinkers)
Relations between variables
(The hours of homework per week a person has is related to how much coffee they consume)

Question 17

Cohens kappa

Answer 17

Way of measuring IOA that is more stringent than % agreement because it accounts for a response that occurs frequently
Ex: brown eye agreement counts less than green eye agreement

Question 18

Internal reliability

Answer 18

Used in self report measures
Makes sure you’re measuring consistently
One score for whole study, not for each subject.
Ex: chrone box alpha

Question 19

Reliability VS Validity

Answer 19

Reliability- makes sure you’re measuring CONSISTANTLY

Validity- makes sure you’re measuring TRULY (what you think you’re measuring)

Question 20

Discriminate validity

Answer 20

You’re measuring what you think you’re measuring and not something else
Used by giving 2 tests- one w your measure one testing a different possibly related variable
Usually social desirability

Question 21

Qualitative events

Give example

Answer 21

Those that differ in kind

EX: democrat vs republican

Question 22

Quantitative events

Answer 22

Those that differ in amount

Question 23

Nominal scale

Give ex

Answer 23

s assigned based on qualitative differences that exist

Only scale that measures qualitative differences (differences of kind rather than amount)
Ex: basketball players #s on jersey

Question 24

Ordinal scale

Give ex

Answer 24

s assigned to represent ammount of a quantity present but only in relative terms of greater and less than

Aka rank order
Ex: attitude scales

Question 25

Interval scales

Answer 25

Represent quantities in terms of greater and less than but allow you to measure HOW MUCH greater or less than because the intervals are of equal size
No true zero exists
EX: temp in degrees Farenheight

Question 26

Ratio scales

Answer 26

Interval scales but with a true zero
Ex: temp in kelvin
Ex: rate of responding (zero is no responses)