Chapter 1-3 Flashcards
What is inter-observer reliability?
Measures how much observers agree on what they’re observing
—used in observational data
Representative heristic
Give example
Mental short cut to figure out which group somebody belongs to
Adaptive
Tendency to be wrong b/c we ignore base rates (stats, probability)
EX: black man must be violent, even though statistically unlikely. Stereotype.
Falsifiable
A predetermined way of proving something wrong
empirical INDUCTIVE
Collect data and then try to explain it with theory
Theoretical DEDUCTIVE
Theory comes first, then it’s tested
Barnum effect
Give example
A type of subjective validation in which a person finds personal meaning in statements that could apply to anyone
EX: horoscopes
Confirmation bias
Give example
Selectively focusing on instances that support hypothesis and ignore instances that refute it
EX: focus on one time psychic was right and ignore all the times they’re wrong
Illusory correlation
Give example
We think 2 things are related when they’re not
EX: good luck charm
Availability Herestic
Mental short cut to figure out how likely something is by coming up with examples. The more examples we can come up with the more likely something is
EX: are there more words that start w R or have R as the 3rd letter?
Null hypothesis
The “there’s nothing going on” hypothesis
Alternative hypothesis
Something IS going on
Can be directional or nondirecional
Directional hypothesis EXAMPLE
Coffee drinkers have MORE energy
Non-directional hypothesis EXAMPLE
Coffee drinkers have DIFFERENT energy levels than non-coffee drinkers
What is SD when there is ZERO variability?
Zero
To reject the null hypothesis, does P have to be greater or less than the alpha level?
Less
2 main types of hypothesis
Give example of each
Differences between groups
(Coffee drinkers have more energy than non coffee drinkers)
Relations between variables
(The hours of homework per week a person has is related to how much coffee they consume)
Cohens kappa
Way of measuring IOA that is more stringent than % agreement because it accounts for a response that occurs frequently
Ex: brown eye agreement counts less than green eye agreement
Internal reliability
Used in self report measures
Makes sure you’re measuring consistently
One score for whole study, not for each subject.
Ex: chrone box alpha
Reliability VS Validity
Reliability- makes sure you’re measuring CONSISTANTLY
Validity- makes sure you’re measuring TRULY (what you think you’re measuring)
Discriminate validity
You’re measuring what you think you’re measuring and not something else
Used by giving 2 tests- one w your measure one testing a different possibly related variable
Usually social desirability
Qualitative events
Give example
Those that differ in kind
EX: democrat vs republican
Quantitative events
Those that differ in amount
Nominal scale
Give ex
s assigned based on qualitative differences that exist
Only scale that measures qualitative differences (differences of kind rather than amount)
Ex: basketball players #s on jersey
Ordinal scale
Give ex
s assigned to represent ammount of a quantity present but only in relative terms of greater and less than
Aka rank order
Ex: attitude scales
Interval scales
Represent quantities in terms of greater and less than but allow you to measure HOW MUCH greater or less than because the intervals are of equal size
No true zero exists
EX: temp in degrees Farenheight
Ratio scales
Interval scales but with a true zero
Ex: temp in kelvin
Ex: rate of responding (zero is no responses)
