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AP Chemistry > Chapter 1-3 > Flashcards

Chapter 1-3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is chemistry?

A

the study of matter and the changes it undergoes

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2
Q

Define law

A

statement about a phenomenon that is always under the same condition

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3
Q

Define theory

A

explains body of facts and laws

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4
Q

Define Matter

A

anything occupying space and has mass

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5
Q

Define Substance

A

matter with constant composition & distinct properties

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6
Q

Define Mixture

A

combination of 2 or more substances & the substances maintain their identities

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7
Q

Define Element

A

substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means

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8
Q

Define Compound

A

substance composed of 2 or more elements

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9
Q

3 states of matter?

A

solid, gas, and liquid

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10
Q

What is a physical property?

A

property that can be observed without changing the substance

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11
Q

What is a chemical property?

A

to observe, there must be chemical change

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12
Q

Difference between extensive and intensive properties?

A

extensive depends on how much matter. intensive does not.

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13
Q

Difference between macroscopic & microscopic properties?

A

Macroscopic can be measured directly. Microscopic can only be measured indirectly.

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14
Q

What is the atomic theory?

A

-elements are composed of atoms
-atoms of the same element are identical-
compounds are made from atoms from more than one element
-chemical reaction involves separation, combination, or rearrangement of atoms; not creation or destruction.

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15
Q

Name the 3 subatomic particles.

A

Neutrons, electrons, and protons

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16
Q

Define Radioactivity

A

the emission of ionizing radiation or particles caused by the spontaneous disintegration of atomic nuclei

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17
Q

3 types of radioactive waves and their charges

A

alpha-positive
beta-negative
gamma-no charge

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18
Q

How do you denote atomic # and mass #

A

M=mass # A=atomic # E=element
m
E
a

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19
Q

names for the isotopes of hydrogen

A

deuterium, tritium

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20
Q

Define Acid

A

substance that yields H+ ions when dissolved in water

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21
Q

how do you name a normal acid?

A
  • take anion that ends with -ide

- add hydro prefix and -ic suffix

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22
Q

Define Oxoacid

A

Hydrogen + Oxygen + another element.

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23
Q

Carbonic acid

A

H2CO3

24
Q

Phosphoric acid

A

H3PO4

25
Q

Chloric Acid

A

HClO3

26
Q

Nitric Acid

A

HNO3

27
Q

rules for naming oxoacids

A
  • add O atom= “per-…-ic” acid
  • remove O atom= “-ous” acid
  • remove 2 O atoms= “Hypo-…-ous” acid
28
Q

sulfuric acid

A

H2SO4

29
Q

chromic acid

A

H2CrO4

30
Q

Oxoanions

A

anions of oxoacidsq

31
Q

Oxoanion naming rules

A

H ions removed from “ic” acid = anion ends “-ate”

H ons removed from “-ous” acid = anion ends “-ite”

32
Q

Base

A

substance that yields hydroxide ions

33
Q

Hydrates

A

specific # of water molecules attached to them

34
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

contain only CH

35
Q

Ionic compound

A

Nonmetal + metal

36
Q

covalent compound

A

nonmetal + nonmetal

37
Q

Naming ionic compounds

A

Name of cation + (Base name of anion + “ide”)

38
Q

Naming covalent compound

A

add prefixes before each element unless first one is only one. don’t add mono before it.

39
Q

amu is equal to?

A

1/12 the mass of a C-12 atom

40
Q

Mole

A

6.022x10^23 particles

41
Q

Mass spectrometer

A

accurate method to obtain atomic/molecular masses

42
Q

Percent composition by mass

A

n=# of moles

n x molar mass of element) / (molar mass of compound

43
Q

Limiting reagents

A

reactant used up first in a reaction

44
Q

excess reagents

A

reactants present in greater quantities than needed

45
Q

Theoretical yield

A

amount of product that would result if all limiting reagent reacted (maximum attainable)

46
Q

Actual yield

A

amount of product actually produced in a reaction

47
Q

Percent yield formula

A

actual yield / theoretical yield

48
Q

Ammonium

A

NH4^+

49
Q

Carbonate

A

CO3^2-

50
Q

Cyanide

A

CN^-

51
Q

Hydroxide

A

OH^-

52
Q

Sulfate

A

SO4^2-

53
Q

Chlorate

A

ClO3^-

54
Q

Nitrate

A

NO3^-

55
Q

Phosphate

A

PO4^4-

56
Q

Acetate

A

C2H2O2^-

AP Chemistry (1 decks)

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