Chapter 1-3 Flashcards
broad science of study which is divided
into two major subdivision:
Microscopic, Macroscopic (Gross)
Anatomy
Anatomy
further subdivided into Cytology,
Histology and Developmental Anatomy.
The latter can also be under gross
anatomy
MICROSCOPIC
ANATOMY
further subdivided into Surface,
Regional and Systemic
Anatomy
GROSS ANATOMY
concerns the study of structure and
function of cells.
CYTOLOGY
studies the forms and structures of
cells, tissues and organs of the body
with the aid of a microscope.
HISTOLOGY
studies the morphogenesis of the
single cell, after the union of two cells
(male and female sex cell) and occur
throughout life
DEVELOPMENTAL
ANATOMY
study of the structures big enough to
be seen by unaided eye.
GROSS ANATOMY
deals with the similarity and
dissimilarity of structures of various
species of animal
COMPARATIVE
ANATOMY
focuses on the structures of the organ
systems, example digestive,
urinary, nervous system
SYSTEMIC ANATOMY
branch of anatomy dealing the
different regions of the body
Regional Anatomy
individual’s entire lifespan (starting as a zygote then the
following stages:
embryo, fetus, postpartum life as an individual and ends at death)
ONTOGENY
defined as the time from fertilization to the
earliest
EMBRYONIC PERIOD
(primordial) stages of organ development (about 30 days of what animals?
dog, cat, sheep, and pig
(primordial) stages of organ development (almost 60 days of what animals?
horse, cattle, and human
the time between the embryonic period and
parturition
FETAL PERIOD
the time between the embryonic period and
parturitio
FETAL PERIOD
Embryonic stage
Fertilization
Cleavage
Gastrulation
Organogenesis
Postembryonic stage
Adulthood
phases of ontogenic development
Gametogenesis
Fertilization
Cleavage
Gastrulation
Organogenesis
Growth and Histogenesis
theory of generation, the development of the embryo is from the
existence of a preformed embryo which is contained in the sperm (spermism) or
in the egg (ovism)
preformism
the development of an organism
originates from the fertilized egg to its mature form
epigenesis
the
theory states that origin and evolution of a species is a continuing process that is
measured in several years. Example, the evolution of man from monkey
phylogenesis
Father of Embryology
‘most distinguished and
influential of the early nineteenth
century embryologists’
Proposed that all vertebrate embryos
pass a stage
wherein they are anatomically
similar seen in 18 dy dog,
24 dy cow and 48-60 hr chick
embryos
KARL ERNST VON BAER
The most influential of the late
nineteenth century embryologists
Often called the
‘Father of Experimental
Embryology
WILHELM ROUX
so described the concepts of oviparity
(egg laying),
ovoviviparity (eggs hatched inside
the body, ex. some shark,
snake (anacondas) and viviparity
(organism developed inside
the body);
noted also the two major patterns of cell
division in early development: meroblastic
and holoblastic
aristotle
De Formato Foetu described and
illustrated gross anatomy of
embryos and their membranes
HIERONYMUS FABRICIUS
published the first microscopic
account of chick development,
identifying the neural groove,
somites and blood flow to the yolk
sac.
MARCELLO MALPIGHI
first to observe the blastoderm of the
chick embryo and to indicate that
blood islands form before the heart
does.
WILLIAM HARVEY
Made the first description of the
germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm
and endoderm) in the chick; Organs
were not formed from a single germ
lay
CHRISTIAN PANDER
First to describe the pharyngeal
arches
Studied the comparative embryology in
frogs,
salamanders, fish, birds and
mammals
MARTIN HEINRICH RATHKE
Detailed the observation on the initial
cleavage stages in man
Published the first textbook on embryology
in man and higher animals
RUDOLPH ALBERT VON
KOLLIKER
Conducted the first nuclear transfer
experiment
Awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology of
Medicine
for his discovery of embryonic induction
HANS SPEMANN
Tested the
totipotency of
the nucleus
Produced the first
blastocyst from
nuclear
Transfer
ROBERT BRIGGS
THOMAS KING
the ability to
differentiate into all
cell types
Totipotent
Their work resulted to the birth
of the transgenic sheep, Dolly
KEITH CAMPBELL
IAN WILMUT
sheet of cells which gives rise to all tissues and
organs of the body
primary germ layer
Outermost or upper layer of cells
• Gives rise to the epidermis, nervous tissue and some
skeletal and connective tissue of the head.
ECTODERM
• The middle layer of cells
• Forms most of the muscles and skeletal tissues,
urogenital system and the heart and blood vessels.
MESODERM
• Deepest or innermost layer of cells that lines the
digestive, respiratory tract and
those organs associated to digestion
ENDODERM
• single layer or several layers of cells that
rest on a basal lamina;
• cells are closely joined together at their
lateral surfaces.
EPITHELIUM
Precursor of all connective and muscle tissues and is
component of all organs
except the CNS
a group of loosely and irregularly
arranged cells separated by a
large amount of extracellular
matrix.
MESENCHYME
a tissue which
connects and
supports other
tissues of the
body
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Hollow tube located in the
dorsal midline beneath the
ectoderm.
Nueral tube
another hollow tube that run the length of
the embryo near the ventral midline and
gives rise to the digestive tract. It is
derived from the folding of the endoderm
GUT TUBE
rostral end of the gut tube =
future
pharynx
the caudal end =
future anus
• Longitudinal rod
immediately ventral to the
neural tube
• Extends from the level of
the midbrain (mesencephalon) to the tail.
• Indicates the future
location of the vertebral
column.
notochord
• SEGMENTED MESODERM LOCATED BENEATH THE
NEURAL TUBE AND ON EITHER SIDE OF THE
NOTOCHORD.
• EACH SEGMENT IS CALLED SOMITE WHICH GIVES
RISE TO THE AXIAL SKELETON AND VOLUNTARY
MUSCLES.
PARAXIAL
MESODERM
• MESODERM LOCATED LATERAL TO THE PARAXIAL
MESODERM WHICH WILL GIVE RISE TO THE
urogenital structures.
INTERMEDIATE
MESODERM
• MESODERM THAT EXTENDS AROUND THE GUT AND
BENEATH THE SURFACE ECTODERM TO THE
ventral midline.
• Splits to divide into outer parietal and inner splanchnic
layer to form a cavity called
coelom
LATERAL
MESODERM
branch of embryology
that deals with the causes and results
of abnormal development or congenital
malformation.
Teratology
abnormality that
arises during prenatal development due
to hereditary or environmental factors.
Congenital malformation or
congenital defect
congenital defect caused
by disturbance of development of an
organ or portion of an organ.
Anomaly
congenital defect
caused by disturbance of development
of several organs and causes great
distortion of the individual
Monstrosity
The process of development and
maturation of sex cells called
gametes
gametogenesis
The
lineage of cells from which gametes arise is
called ___?
germ line
the cells which produce
the gametes are called ___?
primordial germ cells (PGCs)
The cells which are produced
by the non- germ line cells are called ____?
somatic cells
In mammals, primordial germ cells arise
from
yolk sac endoderm
in mammals The cells migrate to??
around the gut to the mesentery into the
gonad
While in birds and reptiles, the cells
they
travel through the blood
stream and into the gonads.
is a process where a single cell divides.
Meiosis
There are two successive meiosis
Meiosis 1 and Meiosis 2
homologous chromosomes separate to produce
diploid daughter cells
Meiosis1
the
sister chromatids that separate results to haploid
daughter cells
Meiosis 2
more than 2 sets of
chromosomes?
polyploidy-
In ___, meiosis starts from
the onset of puberty throughout the entire
reproductive life
males
in ___, starts before
birth and completion is upon fertilization.
females
is a series of events repeatedly
occurring during growth, DNA
synthesis, and cell division. In p
Cell Cycle
In ___,
the process is quite simple, it’s just like the
cell grows, its DNA replicates, and the cell
divides (asexual reproduction).
prokaryotes
is a process wherein a cell divides into two identical daughter cells (cell
division) with same diploid number of chromosomes.
Mitosis
During this phase, chromatin condenses into
chromosomes and become, nuclear membrane
(envelope enclosing the nucleus) breaks down.
Centrosomes move towards opposite poles. It is
the first and longest phase of mitosis.
Prophase
At this phase, chromatids align at the
equatorial plane, or center of the cell.
The spindle fibers ensure that sister chromatids separate
and go to different daughter cells when the cell divides.
Some spindles do not attach with the centromeres of
chromosomes, rather, they attach with each other and
grow longer making the whole cell elongate.
Metaphase
Sister chromatids separate, move towards
opposite pole and the centromere divide. The pulling
apart of the sister chromatids is brought about by the
shortening of the spindle fibers.
Anaphase
Chromosomes reach the opposite poles
and begin to decondense (unravel), relaxing once again
into a stretched-out chromatin configuration. Nuclear
envelopes form around the chromosomes, and
nucleosomes appear within the nuclear area.
Telophase
is the development and maturation of egg
cell/ovum. This occur in the
female reproductive organ, the ovary
Oogenesis
The development of the follicle is called ____
which occur during the estrus cycle.
folliculogenesis
A follicle contain the oocyte surrounded by what cells?
follicular cells.
a follicle containing the primary oocyte
enclosed by a single layer of flat, follicular epithelial cells
Primordial follicle
a little larger than the primordial follicle, contains
the primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of cuboidal follicular
cells
Primary follicle
-when two or more layers of cuboidal follicular
cells surround the oocyte and with a small or no antrum.
Secondary follicle
a follicle with already a characteristic antrum
Tertiary follicle
a large, mature follicle containing
the
secondary oocyte that bulges from the surface of the ovary. A largea
fluid filled cavity as the identifying characteristic and the follicle is
about
to burst to release the ovum
Graafian / vesicular / follicle
cell membrane intimately enclosing the
oocyte
Vitelline membrane
an acellular layer located between the vitelline
membrane of the oocyte and the follicular cells
Zona pellucida
-squamous follicular cells which become cuboidal
as the follicle matures
Granulosa cells
ayers of follicular cells directly adjacent to the
zona pellucida of the oocyte
Corona radiate
-mound of granulosa cells on which the
oocyte sits
Cumulus oophorus
a fluid filled cavity of the follicle
Antrum-
fluid inside the antrum secreted by the follicular
cells
Liquor folliculi
There are three phases of oogenesis:
multiplication phase (mitosis), growth phase and maturation
phase
Coinciding oogenesis is the development and maturation of follicles called
folliculogenesis
is the process where the matured follicle burst with the liberation of the ovum.
Ovulation
The remnant of the follicle is now called
corpus luteum.
secretes progesterone for maintenance of pregnancy.
Corpus luteum
There are 2 types of ovulation:
Eggs can be released with or without copulation. In occurs in most species.
Spontaneous ovulation
requires stimulation from males, i.e. coitus/mating to ensure successful fertilization. Examples are Cats, rabbits, camels, and ferrets
Induced ovulation
During spermiogenesis, spermatids are embedded in the cytoplasm of ___ in the testis.
Sertoli cells
the process of development and transformation of germinal epithelial cells (stem cells) to spermatozoa.
Spermatogenesis
s the proliferative phase wherein the spermatogonial cells multiply by a series of mitotic divisions followed by the meiotic divisions to produce the haploid (n) number of chromosomes.
Spermatocytogenesis
is the maturation/differentiation of the spermatids while they are still in the lumen of the seminiferous tubules
Spermiogenesis or spermiohistogenesis
starts in the stratified epithelium of the semeniferous tubule, classified as such because layered appearance of the differentiating cells, spermatogonia from the basal layer towards the apical lumen.
Spermatocytogenesis
Other term for sertoli cells?
sustentacular cells
The union of the male and female gametes to form a zygote
Fertilization
deposition of the spermatozoa into the cervix),
Capacitation
It is a series of cell division following fertilization
blastomeres
in mammals wherein the zygote contains small amount of yolk (isolecithal egg)
Total or holoblastic cleavage
in birds and amphibians in which the zygote contains a large amount of yolk (telolecithal egg)
Partial or meroblastic cleavage
There are 2 kinds of fertilization:
external fertilization and internal fertilization
is an example of artificial fertilization wherein no male or female interaction occur, chemical or physical stimulation may start the development of the organism, but there has been no report of birth out of this technology.
Parthenogenesis
Examples of Parthenogenesis
Komodo dragon
Bonnethead shark
Water flea
Bynoe’s gecko
Warramaba virgo grasshopper
Mulga trees
What terminology are used for mating or copulation in pig
Coupling
What terminology are used for mating or copulation in dogs
Breeding/mating
What terminology are used for mating or copulation in horses
Covering
What terminology are used for mating or copulation cattle, buffaloes, and goats
Serving
What terminology are used for mating or copulation in sheep
Tupping
is a sexual intercourse of a male and female with the deposition of semen in the female reproductive tract. Mating can be natural, artificial or in vitro.
Copulation/mating
What Site of deposition in the female reproductive tract in dogs and horses?
Uterus
is the deposition of semen thru the cervix of the animal using AI gun.
Artificial Insemination (AI)
is an assisted reproductive technology wherein ova are picked up via guided Ultrasonograpy (OPU) or ovum are aspirated from ovaries collected from the abbatoir, fertilized in the laboratory and transferred into a recipient animal.
In-Vitro fertilization
Delivers spermatozoa to the fertilization site very shortly after copulation (15 -30 mins)
Rapid Transport Phase
movement of sperm cells from one horn to another (usually during AI)
Intercornual transport
What Site of deposition in the female reproductive tract in cattle and sheep
Vagina
What Site of deposition in the female reproductive tract in pigs
Cervix/uterus
The release/ migration of matured spermatids into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules to the efferent duct (epididymis) of the male tract.
Spermiation
Delivers spermatozoa to the ampulla in a more uniform manner over a sustained period of time (6-12 hrs)
Slow/Sustained Transport Phase
Sperm cells swim up the ovum while the ovum moves down and meet the sperm cells in what part of the oviduct?
ampulla of the oviduct.
After capacitation sperm cells undergo to the foregoing events (post capacitation):
• Hyperactive motility
• Binding to zona pellucida
• Acrosomal reaction
• Penetration of zona pellucida
• Sperm-oocyte membrane fusion
• Sperm engulfed
• Decondensation of sperm nucleus
• Formation of male pronucleus
After capacitation ovum undergo to the foregoing events (post capacitation):
Cortical reaction
Zona Block
Vitelline Block
process whereby the zona pellucida undergoes biochemical changes so that no further sperm can penetrate the zona
Zona block
reduction in the ability of the oocyte plasma membrane to fuse with additional spermatozoa
Vitelline block
technology used to achieve pregnancy in procedures such as artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization and surrogacy
Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)
introduction of sperm into the female’s uterus or cervix for the purpose of achieving pregnancy through in vivo fertilization by means other than sexual intercourse
Artificial insemination -
union of egg and sperm in vitro, subsequently the embryos are transferred into the uterus through the cervix for pregnancy to commence.
In Vitro Fertilization
a tool of assisted reproductive technology against infertility. Eggs are removed from a female ovaries and placed in one of fallopian tubes, along with the male sperm.
Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer (GIFT)
Sperm is injected directly into the eggs in a laboratory. It is used if infertility originates from the male such as: Low numbers of sperm, Low sperm motility. Single spermatozoan is directly injected into the cytoplasm of the oocyte through a micropuncture of zona pellucida.
Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)
an assisted reproduction technology in which embryos are placed into the uterus of a recipient female (surrogate) animal to establish a pregnancy. It is accompanied by hormone treatment to induce multiple ovulation (MOET).
Embryo transfer
What are the Advantages of MOET?
*Shorter period of breed improvement
*Improvement of stock quality
*Multiplication of rare or endangered species
*Preservation of superior gene quality
*Lower transportation/importation cost
*Increase rate of twinning or multiple birth
*Contribution to the study of sterility or low fertility
n the above figure demonstrates how a genetically superior old, unproductive cow is taken into the abbatoir for slaughter. The ovaries are collected then, oocytes are aspirated and in-vitro fertilized the eggs. Then transferred to surrogate/recipient mother. Offspring born, grow and become champion of genetic quality.
In-Vitro Fertilization- Embryo Transfer (IVFET)
the nucleus of the oocyte is removed and injected/implanted by the diploid nucleus of a somatic cell. Master genes that have been shut down in the original cell is then activated resulting to the creation of a new but the same organism.
CLONING/Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT)
- a technique used to identify abnormalities in chromosomes. In humans, the following are common:
KARYOTYPING
Additional autosome (47 chromosomes)
Down Syndrome
XXY
Klinefelter Syndrome
XO
Turner Syndrome
appeared to be most frequent in horses
X monosomy
is the occurrence of one or more extra or missing chromosome
Aneuploidies
Is observed in freemartin animals
XX/XY
is observed in many animals like goat, pig, horse and dog manifested by ovotestes, with uterus and oviduct and duct deferens
XX DSD
