chapter 1-3 Flashcards
1
Q
Mesopotamia’s world outlook
A
pessimistic
2
Q
Mesopotamia’s natural barriars
A
none
3
Q
Mesopotamia: water
A
irregular flooding
4
Q
Mesopotamia’s government/politics
A
elected monarchy (chosen by the gods)
5
Q
Mesopotamia’s economy
A
redistributive; divine monopoly
6
Q
Mesopotamia’s religion
A
polytheistic: non-anthropomorphic
7
Q
Mesopotamia’s Gods/mankind
A
the Gods cursed humans
8
Q
Mesopotamia’s afterlife
A
shadowy, unhappy place
9
Q
Mesopotamia’s societal organization
A
patriarchy, patrilineal
10
Q
Mesopotamia’s women
A
could own business and enter into business contracts; could not hold office
11
Q
Hunters were
A
men
12
Q
Gatherers were
A
women
13
Q
T/F The Mesopotamian’s had some sort of hierarchy
A
true
14
Q
The Neolithic Revolution is also known as the
A
New Stone Age
15
Q
The Bronze age is where
A
civilization was born
16
Q
civilization meant seven things which were
A
1) economy based on agriculture an dtrade
2) political states based on cities
3) large populations
4) large communal buildings
5) diverse technology
6) knowledge of writing
7) local identity
17
Q
Mesopotamia had which two rivers around them
A
Tigris and Euphrates
18
Q
Egypt had which river source
A
Nile
19
Q
who created the first irrigation
A
Sumerians
20
Q
who conquered the Sumarians
A
Sargon of Akkad
21
Q
Ziggurats were
A
temples where patrons stay/storage for massive surplus
22
Q
What kind of writing did the Mesopotamians have?
A
began as pictographic script, created coneiform (wedge shaped stylist)
23
Q
the Akkadians were ruled by
A
King Sargon
24
Q
imperialism
A
a policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force
25
when King Sargon conquered the Sumerians, they adopted much of their
religion, literature, and culture
26
Assyria exported wooden textiles to Anatolia in exchange for raw materials, which they then
sold to the rest of Mesopotamia
27
The Assyrian army
doesn't actually fight many battles
28
Egyptian world outlook
optimistic
29
Egyptian natural barriers
Sahara Desert, Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Nubian Desert
30
Egyptian water
regular flooding (Nile)
31
Egyptian Government/Politics
Hereditary; absolute monarchy; God-kings (Pharaohs)
32
Egyptian Economy
Royal Monopoly/redistributive economy
33
Egyptian Religion
polytheistic; animalistic
34
Egyptian Gods/Mankind
Gods blessed humans
35
Egyptian Afterlife
land of two fields; always successful
36
Egyptian Societal organization
gender equality
37
Egyptian Women
could own business and enter into business contracts; could not hold office
38
Ma'at
the supernatural force that brought order and harmony to human beings if they maintained a stable hierarchy
39
Egyptian writing was used for
religious purposes, pictographic, hieroglyphics, hieratic & demonic, papyrus, scribes
40
what does the vizier do?
oversees bureaucracy
41
Bureaucracy oversees?
general people
42
Egyptians didn't have judges or courts. Instead they had
royal board of officials
43
crime rate was
extremely low
44
Decrees of the King meant that
whatever he spoke became law
45
Egyptian societies had a
```
strict hierarchy which consisted of the
Royal Family
Preisthood, bureaucrats
free workers
slaves
```
46
status of the wife was determined how
by the status of the husband
47
Hatshepsut was believed to be
Horris in a woman's body
48
Minoans had no written literature, only official records, in a script called
Linear A (non translatable)
49
King Minos was famous in Greek myth for
building the first great navy and for keeping the Minotaur in a labyrinth at his palace
50
No city walls around the Minoan Civilization which means
they weren't worried about invasion
51
emphasis on goddesses in Minoan culture because this meant that
women dominated Minoan society
52
Cretan-Zeus represented
the vegetation cycle
53
Mycenaean's were indo-european and were also the
earliest Greeks
54
Acropolis
high city
55
They had walled palace complexes because
the Greeks were always fighting each other
56
Mycenaean economy
redistributive
57
Mycenaeans were influenced by
the Minoans
58
what type of writing did the Mycenaeans have?
Linear B (blend pictographic and letters; somewhat translatable)
59
what brought on the collapse of the Mycenaeans?
Trojan war
60
Dark age was from
1150-750
61
government during the Dark Ages was
a council and assembly
62
the council consisted of
the local village chiefs and a leading chief
63
the assembly consisted of
all military aged men, with a simply majority pass/fail
64
the government during the dark ages did not consist of
a law code/judicial system
65
dark age religion
polytheistic; anthropomorphic
66
dark age religion was communal or private
communal (sacrifices and festivals)
67
Phoenician alphabet consisted of
22 abstract symbols, no vowels, moderate literacy
68
the Phoenician colonization consisted of
a trading post and colonies in Carthage
69
T/F The Phoenician colony was highly urbanized
true
70
Hebrews were from
Mesopotamia
71
Hebrew world outlook
quasi-optomistic
72
Hebrew Natural Barriers
Mediterranean sea, mountains
73
Hebrew water source
scarce fresh water, shallow rivers
74
Hebrew government/politics
hereditary, monarchy
75
Hebrew economy
redistributive economy
76
Hebrew religion
henotheism, ethical monotheism
77
Hebrew gods/mankind
punishes and blesses humans
78
Hebrew afterlife
Olam-Ha-Ba "a higher state of being"
79
Hebrew societal organization
patriarchal, patrilineal
80
Hebrew women
virtually no rights
81
After Solomon's death the monarchy
split into two kingdoms: Israel in the north and Judah in the south
82
who destroyed Israel?
Assyrians
83
who conquered Judah
Babylonians
84
polis
an independent community of citizens inhabiting a city and the countryside around it
85
Agora
central marketplace; and where they discussed politics
86
The Polis had what kind of government
self-government (no monarchy)
87
who did the Polis rely on
the Hoplites
88
Athens government: chief magistrate
archons
89
Athens government: voting body of citizens
assembly
90
Athens government: chief legislative body
Areopagus; council of 400; council of 500
91
Athens government: dispenser of justice (the courts)
Areopagus; Areopagus and the court of appeals; court system (includes Areopagus)
92
Athens Aristocracy was "chosen"
through heredity
93
Athens oligarchy was based on
wealthy (usually meant military)
94
the Archons do not make
legislation
95
the assembly is made up of
male citizens over the age of 18
96
The Areopagus coucil is
a select body, limited to ex-archons, held great power because its members judged the most important cases--accusations against archons themselves.
97
when the farmers borrowed money from the rich, what happened
the ended up in debt which forced them to give up their citizenship. Once they lost it, couldn't get it back
98
what was Solon's way of reforming the Athenian government
he made a compromise and canceled private debts, which helped the poor but displeased the rich; and he decided not to redistribute land, which please the wealthy but disappointed the poor
99
what was Solon's property classes based on
wealth
100
does this change how the Athenian government was
no
101
council of 400
made legislation instead of Areopagus; chosen at random (lower two classes couldn't afford to be there, mainly upper class)
102
court of appeal
protect lower classes from abuse from the upper
103
Cleisthenes tribes were based on
geography (called demes)
104
council of 500
consisted of 50 men from each tribe, no repeats, at random. They set the agenda for the assembly
105
Cleisethenic constitution excluded
womens and slaves
106
ostracism
exclusion from a group/tribe (need 6000 votes)
107
Sparta government: chief magistrate
ephors & kings
108
Sparta government: voting body of citizens
Assembly (men 30+)
109
Sparta government: chief legislative body
council of elders (28 men + 2 kings)
110
Sparta government: dispenser of justice
council of elders & ephors
111
Helots
slaves of Sparta; owned by the state; 3:1 compared to Spartan citizens
112
Messenian wars
Sparta conquers an area, then enslave their population
113
Greek world outlook
optomistic
114
Greek natural barriers
surrounded by mountains and Mediterranean sea
115
Greek water sources
scarce fresh water and rivers
116
Greek government and politics (Athens)
democracy
117
Greek government and politics (Sparta)
mixed constitution: democracy and oligarchy
118
Greek economy
controlled market system (by state)
119
Greek religion
polytheistic-anthropomorphic
120
Greek gods/mankind
gods interacted with on daily basis
121
Greek afterlife
Alesian Fields & Tarturus
122
Greek societal organization
patriarchal
123
Greek women
no rights
124
what type of political leadership did Sparta have? what type of leaders were they?
dual monarchy (2 kings), most supreme generals of the military. If one had to leave, there was one there if the Helots revolted
125
Council of Elders
men over 60; 28 men, 2 kings; make legislation-judicial system; elected by assembly through acclamation
126
Ephors
5 men, 30+, in control of foreign policies; oversee Helot & Spartan populations; elected by acclamation of assembly; inspect babies
127
Assembly
men over 30; voted on laws; men no longer in Agoge
128
What was the Spartan Education program
Agoge (military education program to deal with the Helots; men age 7-30)
129
what was the ultimate glory in Sparta
to die for Sparta in war
130
What was the Peloponnesian League
consisted of all states for protection and security of Sparta (Sparta as leader) **everyone had to help Sparta, but Sparta didn't have to go and help anyone else
131
1st Persian War started with
the Ionian Revolt (late 5th century)
132
King Darius I
King of Persia (late 5th-early 6th century)
133
Battle at Marathon
Athens won (even though outnumbered)
134
King Xerxes of Persia
didn't like the Greeks because they embarrassed his father and his country
135
Alcibiades
convinces Athens to help take down Sparta; got all their information, sold them out to Sparta
136
Mutilation of the Hermes
chopped off all the penises and put them at the base of the statue of Athena
137
Who won the battle over Sicily
Sparta (Athens nearly lose everything)
138
Thirty Tyrants
got rid of democracy, became an oligarchy; 30 loyal Athenian men; period of cruelty and bloodshed
139
Corinthian War
Sparta against everyone else; Sparta destroys them all (every battle, besides one, is won by Sparta)
140
The liberation of Messenia
moved the Hellots right next door to Sparta
141
worship of dianysus
religious festival; communal worship
142
Socrates
original teacher of ethics
143
Plato
Socrates's student; wrote down his teachings; developed the first school of higher learning (The Academy)
144
Aristotle
Plato's student; founded the Lyceum
145
hellenization
to make Greek
146
Battle of Issus
40,000 Greeks against 100,000 Persians, Greeks win; Darius III flees, leaving the entire Persian treasury behind
147
Battle of Egypt
no blood was shed because the Egyptians welcomed the Greeks to rule them
148
how many cities of Alexandria were there
11 all together; used as trade out posts
149
Battle of Gaugamela
Alexander fights Darius III again, he runs again, and Alexander chases him. When he finds him, he's lying dead in the middle of the road.
150
What causes confusion after Alexander's death and what are some legacies of his reign?
they didn't have anyone to take his place; fractured empire; split up between 4 generals; set model for future Greeks (cities); increased trade (Alexandria); military diversity; Koine Greek; helonized Hebrews
151
what are some characteristics of the cosmopolitan ideologies?
(1) movement of people (2) expansion of trade (3) Greek influence on the Hebrews (adopt Christianity) (4)**development of Koine Greek** (5) going on vacation/tourism (6) women get more education (7) common currency standards
152
Euclid
plane geometry (2D), focused on abstract
153
Archimedes
solid geometry (3D), invented Pi
154
Important people in Astronomy
(1) Aristarchus of Samos (1st half of 3rd century; rotational axis, heliocentric theory (Earth rotates around the sun)) (2) Hipparchus (late 2nd century; developed length of solar year; lunar month)
155
main difference between pastoral poetry and epigrams
Pastoral poetry--much longer; about farm life
| Epigram--short, sweet, rhymed (ended on tombstones)
156
What do we get from New comedy
sitcoms, stock characters
