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Bio 114 > Chapter 1-3 > Flashcards

Chapter 1-3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Biology

A

The study of living organisms and their interactions with one another and their environments

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2
Q

Science

A

Knowledge that covers general truths or the operations of generals laws, especially when acquired and tested by the scientific method

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3
Q

Scientific method

A

Method of research with defined steps that include experiments and careful observation

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4
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

Related observations to arrive at a general conclusion

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5
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

General principle or law to forecast specific results

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6
Q

Hypothesis

A

statement that must be testable and falsifiable

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7
Q

Predictions

A

results that we expect from our hypothesis

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8
Q

Experiment

A

set of actions or observations designed to test a specific hypothesis

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9
Q

Data

A

information from an experiment

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10
Q

Independent variable

A

factor that is manipulated

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11
Q

Dependent variable

A

effect of the manipulated factor; what is measured

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12
Q

Experimental group

A

includes control variables and the factor to be manipulated

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13
Q

Control group

A

includes control variables only

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14
Q

Qualitative

A

descriptions rather than measurements

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15
Q

Quantitative

A

continuous numerical data

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16
Q

Peer reviews

A

blind process whereby scientists submit the details of their experiments, results and interpretations, and reviewers determine the veracity and merit of that work for publication

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17
Q

theory

A

broad and general enough to lead to new testable hypotheses

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18
Q

Elements

A

unique forms of matter

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19
Q

Compounds

A

combinations of elements

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20
Q

Atoms

A

smallest units of matter that retain all chemical properties of an element

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21
Q

nucleus

A

center of the atom that contains protons and neutrons

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22
Q

Atomic number

A

number of protons

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23
Q

Atomic mass

A

mass of the atom, roughly equal to the number of protons and neutrons

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24
Q

Isotopes

A

elements with different number of neutrons

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25
Q

Radioisotopes

A

isotopes that emit neutrons, protons, and electrons

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26
Q

Orbits

A

electron shells or energy levels

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27
Q

Valence electrons

A

electrons that occupy the outermost orbital

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28
Q

Chemical reactions

A

changes in distribution of electrons between atoms

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29
Q

Chemical bonds

A

attractive force that links atoms together to form molecules

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30
Q

Molecule

A

two or more atoms may bond with each other to form this

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31
Q

Bonding capactiy

A

number of bonds that the atom can form

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32
Q

Electronegativity

A

an atom’s attraction for the electrons of a covalent bond

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33
Q

Polar covalent bonds

A

unequal sharing of electrons

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34
Q

Nonpolar covalent bonds

A

equal sharing of electrons

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35
Q

Ionic bonds

A

atoms give up or gain electrons/ an attraction between an anion and a cation

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36
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

interactions between the partial positive of hydrogen and the partial negative of a more electronegative atom on another molecule

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37
Q

Van der waals interactions

A

weak attractions or interactions between two or more molecules due to changes in electron density

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38
Q

Cation

A

positively charged ion

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39
Q

Anion

A

negatively charged ion

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40
Q

Reactants

A

substances used at beginning of reaction

41
Q

Products

A

substances formed at the end of the reaction

42
Q

Irreversible reactions

A

proceeds in one direction until all the reactants are used up

43
Q

Reversible reactions

A

reactants are converted to products but some product can be converted back to reactant

44
Q

Heat capacity

A

refers to the amount of heat 1 gram of substance must absorb in order to raise its temperature one degree celsius

45
Q

Heat of vaporization

A

amount of energy required to change one gram of a liquid substance to gas

46
Q

Cohesion

A

water molecules at the liquid-gas interface stick together due to hydrogen bonding

47
Q

Surface tension

A

capacity of a substance to withstand being ruptured when placed under tension or stress

48
Q

Adhesion

A

an attraction between water molecules and other molecules

49
Q

Solutions

A

homogeneous mixtures that consist of a solute and solvent

50
Q

Solute

A

less abundant part of a solution

51
Q

Solvent

A

most abundant part of a solution

52
Q

Aqueous solution

A

if the solvent is water, then it is this type of soltuion

53
Q

Hydrophilic

A

water loving

54
Q

Hydrophobic

A

water fearing

55
Q

Acidity

A

acids

56
Q

Alkalinity

A

Bases

57
Q

Buffers

A

substances that minimize changes in concentration of H+ and OH- in a solution

58
Q

hydrocarbons

A

carbon and hydrogen

59
Q

functional groups

A

groups of atoms within a molecule that confer consistent specific properties to these molecules

60
Q

organic molecule

A

contains carbon

61
Q

monomers

A

macromolecules that consist of individual subunits

62
Q

polymers

A

monomers that are linked together via covalent bonds

63
Q

polymerization

A

creation of polymers

64
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

monomers linking to form polymers

65
Q

hydrolysis

A

process of breaking polymers down into individual monomers

66
Q

enzymes

A

biological molecules that catalyze or speed up reactions

67
Q

carbohydrates

A

provide energy to body in the form of glucose

68
Q

3 subtypes of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

69
Q

monosaccharides

A

have 3-7 carbons and contain a carbon oxygen double bond

70
Q

glucose

A

important source of energy

71
Q

galactose

A

part of lactose/milk sugar

72
Q

fructose

A

part of sucrose/fruit

73
Q

when do monosaccharides assume a ring structure

A

in aqueous solutions

74
Q

disaccharides

A

form when two monosaccharides are linked by dehydration synthesis

75
Q

polysaccharides

A

long chain of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages

76
Q

starch

A

energy storage polysaccharide of plants

77
Q

glycogen

A

energy storage polysaccharide in animals

78
Q

cellulose

A

provides support for plant cell walls; made of repeating glucose monomers

79
Q

chitin

A

creates the hard exoskeleton of arthropods; made of two repeated monomers; contains nitrogen

80
Q

lipids

A

diverse group of nonpolar hydrocarbons

81
Q

triacyl glycerol

A

formed by joining three fatty acids to a glycerol backbone

82
Q

ester linkage

A

how dehydration synthesis attaches glycerol to the fatty acids

83
Q

saturated fatty acids

A

no carbon-carbon double bonds; packed tightly with no kinks; solid at room temperature

84
Q

unsaturated fatty acids

A

contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond; kinks; liquids at room temperature

85
Q

trans-fats

A

have a double bond but don’t have kinks; solid at room temperature

86
Q

waxes

A

long fatty acid chains esterified to long chain alcohols

87
Q

steroids

A

4 linked carbon rings that have a closed ring structure

88
Q

cholesterol

A

most common steroid that maintains fluidity in plasma membranes

89
Q

structure of phospholipids

A

2 fatty acid tails, glycerol, and phosphate group

90
Q

phospholipid

A

contributes to the dynamic nature of plasma membrane

91
Q

monomer of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharide

92
Q

bond of carbohydrates

A

glycosidic linkages

93
Q

polymer of carbohydrates

A

polysaccharide

94
Q

uses of carbohydrates

A

energy storage and structure

95
Q

monomer of lipids

A

fatty acid

96
Q

bond of lipids

A

ester linkage

97
Q

polymer of lipids

A

no true polymer

98
Q

uses of lipids

A

long term energy storage, waxes, steroids, phospholipids

99
Q

fats and oils energy storage- two main components

A

glycerol and fatty acids

Bio 114 (1 decks)

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