Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy Chapters 1-3 > Chapter 1-3 > Flashcards

Chapter 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomy?

A

structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is physiology?

A

function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

10 Levels of Organization

A
  1. subatomic particles 2. atoms 3. molecules 4. macromolecules 5. organelle 6. cell 7.tissue 8.organ 9. organ system 10. organism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a subatomic particle?

A

electrons, protons, neutrons; particles that make up atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is an atom?

A

chemicals that consists of tiny particles (subatomic); make up molecules; ex: hydrogen atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a molecule?

A

atoms joined together; ex: water moleule; make up macromolecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a macromolecule?

A

small molecules joined together; ex: protein molecule; make up organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is an organelle?

A

carry on specific activities; composed of proteins, carbs, lipids, nucleic acids; ex: mitochondrion; make up cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a cell?

A

basic unit of structure and function; ex: muscle cell; make up tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a tissue?

A

group of cells; ex: connective tissue; makes up organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is an organ?

A

groups of different tissues; complex structures with specialized functions; ex: heart; make up organ systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is an organ system?

A

groups of organs that function closely together; ex: skeletal system; makes up an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is an organism?

A

interacting organ systems; ex: human being

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

11 organ systems

A
  1. skeletal
  2. integumentary
  3. cardiovascular
  4. lymphatic
  5. urinary
  6. reproductive
  7. respiratory
  8. muscular
  9. nervous
  10. endocrine
  11. digestive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the skeletal system?

A

bones, ligaments, cartilages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the integumentary system?

A

skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the muscular system?

A

muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

glands that secrete horomones; pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, and thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the cardiovascular system?

A

heart, arteries, capillaries, veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the digestive system?

A

mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small and large intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the respiratory system?

A

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the urinary system?

A

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the reproductive system?

A

Male: scrotum, testes, urethra, penis
Female: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

10 Characteristics of Life

A
  1. movement
  2. responsiveness
  3. growth
  4. reproduction
  5. respiration
  6. digestion
  7. absorption
  8. circulation
  9. assimilation
  10. excretion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

5 enviornmental factors of life

A
  1. water
  2. food
  3. oxygen
  4. heat
  5. pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

the body’s maintenance of a stable internal enviornment; the body is always striving for balance; hates chaos; examples- blood sugar; requires most of our metabolic energy; maintains through homeostatic mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the 3 homeostatic mechanisms?

A
  1. receptors
  2. control center
  3. effectors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

In relation to homeostatic mechanisms, what are receptors?

A

provide information about specific conditions in the internal enviornment (molecule or cell); provides information about stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

In relation to homeostatic mechanisms, what is the control center?

A

the brain; decides the “set point” which is a particular value such as body temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

In relation to homeostatic mechanisms, what are effectors?

A

muscles or glands causes responses that alter conditions in the internal enviornment; example: pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Positive Homeostatic Mechanism

A

example- human childbirth; increases actions of the body; produces MORE instability; more chaos; only a few types necessary for our survival; unfrequent events; uncommon loop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Negative Homeostatic Mechanism

A

causes the opposite occur; always brings us back to the set point; reduces the actions of the effectors; limits chaos in the body; most COMMON type of feedback loop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Body Cavaties

A

cranial; vertebral; thoracic; abdominopelvic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Visceral

A

pertaining to the organs in a body cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Parietal

A

pertaining to the wall of an organ or cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Superior

A

near the head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

inferior

A

towards the bottom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

anterior

A

front/ventral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

posterior

A

back/dorsal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

medial

A

towards the midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

lateral

A

towards the side, away from the midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

ipsi-lateral

A

same side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

contra-lateral

A

opposite side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

proximal

A

for extremities only; closest to point of attachement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

distal

A

for extremities only; furthest from point of attachment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

superficial

A

near the surface/skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

deep

A

internal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

sagittal

A

divides body into left and right portions (median)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

mid-sagittal

A

divides body into EQUAL left and right portions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

transverse

A

horizontal; divides body into superior and inferior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

coronal

A

frontal; divides body into anterior and posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Quadrant System (US)

A

Right Upper; Right Lower; Left Upper; Left Lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Matter

A

anything that takes up space and has mass; composed of elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

elements

A

composed of chemically identical elements; atoms are the smallest part

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

major elements

A

large amounts required; O, C, H, and N

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

minor elements

A

small amounts required; Ca, P, K, S, Na, Cl, Mg, I, and Fe

59
Q

trace elements

A

very minute amounts required; Cr, Co, Cu, F, Mn, Ma, Se, Si, Sn, V, and Zn

60
Q

energy

A

no mass and takes up no space; capacity to do work; exists as kinetic or potential energy

61
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate; comes from glucose; 1 molecule of glucose = 36 ATPs

62
Q

4 forms of energy

A
  1. chemical- neurotransmitter
  2. electrical- nervous system/brain
  3. mechanical- throwing, etc
  4. radiant or electomagnetic- heat

All energy conversions that occur in the body liberate heat

63
Q

Proton

A

single + charge; within nucleus

64
Q

Neutron

A

no electrical charge; within nucleus

65
Q

electron

A

single - charge; around nucleus

66
Q

Nucleus

A

central part of atom; composed of protons and neutrons; electrons move around it

67
Q

Isotopes

A

atoms with the same atomic number, but different atomic weights;

68
Q

Radioactive Isotopes

A

unstable; Iodine 131, Thallium 201, Gallium 67, Cobalt 60

69
Q

Molecule

A

formed when 2 or more atoms chemically combine

70
Q

compound

A

formed when 2 or more atoms of different elements chemically combine

71
Q

molecular formula

A

depict the elements present and the number of each atom present in the molecules

72
Q

ionic bonds

A

attraction between a cation and anion; formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another; most considered to be salts (electrolytes)

73
Q

covalent

A

when atoms share electrons

74
Q

hyrdrogen

A

weak; positive end of one polar molecule and the negative end of another; maintain and stabilize structures

75
Q

ions

A

atoms that gain or lose electrons to become stable; electrically charged atom

76
Q

cation

A

atom or molecule carrying a net of positive charge due to a deficiency of electrons

77
Q

anion

A

atom of molecule carrying a net negative charge due to one or more extra electrons

78
Q

Polar Molecule

A

slightly negative end and slightly positive end; results when electrons are NOT shared equally within covalent bonds; example- water

79
Q

Water

A

high heat capacity; high heat vaporization; polar solvent properties; reactivity; cushioning

80
Q

Chemical Reactions

A

occur when chemical bonds form or break among atoms, ions, or molecules; reactants and products

81
Q

4 parts of chemical reactions

A
  1. synthesis
  2. decomposition
  3. exchange
  4. reversible
82
Q

Synthesis

A

combination reactions; more complex structure is formed; forms bonds and require energy; build; anabolic

83
Q

Decomposition

A

reverse synthesis; chemicals are broken to form; degrades and are catabolic; break bonds; release energy

84
Q

Exchange

A

displacement reactions; both anabolic and catabolic; how glucose, as a fuel molecule, gets trapped in a cell; break and how bonds are formed

85
Q

Reversible

A

change back to the reactants; all reactions are theoretically reversible;

86
Q

Factors influencing rates of chemical reactions

A
  1. temperature- proceed quick at higher temps
  2. concentration- more reacting faster
  3. particle size- smaller, faster
  4. catalysts- enzymes increase rate of reaction
87
Q

electrolytes

A

substances release ions in the water

88
Q

acids

A

electrolytes disassociate to release H ions in H2O

89
Q

bases

A

alkaline; substances that release ions that can combine with Hydrogen ions

90
Q

pH scale

A

indicates concentration of H ions in solution; neutral pH= 7; human blood= 7.35; more left= acidic; more right= alkaline

91
Q

Organic Molecules

A

contain C and H; larger than inorganic molecules; dissolve in water and organic liquids; examples= proteins, carbs, lipids, and nucleic acids

92
Q

Inorganic Molecules

A

generally do not contain Carbon; smaller than organic molecules; disassociate in water, forming ions; H2O, CO2, and inorganic salts

93
Q

Inorganic Substances- Water

A

most abundant compound; 70% of a human; major component of body fluids; medium for most metabolic reactions; important in transporting chemicals in the body; absorbs and transports heat

94
Q

Inorganic Substances- O2

A

used by organelles to release energy from nutrients in order to drive cells

95
Q

Inorganic Substances- CO2

A

waste product released during metabolic reactions; must be removed from the body

96
Q

Inorganic Substances- Inorganic salts

A

electrolytes; abundant in body fluids; sources of necessary ions (Na, Cl, K); plays important role in metabolism

97
Q

Organic Substances- Carbs

A

provide energy to cells; supply materials to help build up cells; water soluble; contain C, H, and O; ratio of H to O close to 2:1;

98
Q

monosaccharides

A

glucose fructose

99
Q

dissachrides

A

sucrose, lactose

100
Q

polysaccarhides

A

glycogen, cellulose

101
Q

Organic Substances- Lipids

A

soluble in organic solvents; insoluble in water

102
Q

Lipids- triglycerides

A

fats; used for energy; most common lipid in body; contain C, H, and O, but less O than carbs; saturated and unsaturated; building blocks are 1 glycerol

103
Q

Lipids- phospholipids

A

building blocks are 1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and 1 phosphate per molecule; hydrophillic and hydrophobic; major component of all cell membranes

104
Q

Hyrdophillic

A

loves water; attracts water

105
Q

Hydrophobic

A

hates water; repels water

106
Q

Lipids- Steroids

A

4 connected rings of Carbon; distributed in the body; various functions; component of all membranes; used to synthesize hormones; cholesterol

107
Q

Lipids- Proteins

A

structural material; provide alternate energy source; horomones; receptors; enzymes; antibodies; protein building block are amino acids; not a primary energy source

108
Q

amino acids

A

held together by peptide bonds

109
Q

Protein renaturation

A

complex, irreversible proccess

110
Q

Nucleic acids

A

carry genes; encode amino acids sequences of proteins; made from nucelotides; DNA; RNA

111
Q

DNA

A

double polynucleotide (deoxyribonucleic acid)

112
Q

RNA

A

single polynucleotide (ribonucleic acid)

113
Q

3 parts of a cell

A
  1. nucleus
  2. cell membrane
  3. cytoplasm
114
Q

Cell Membrane

A

also known as plasma membrane, plasmalemna; outer limit; controls what enters and exits the cell; selectively permeable; phospholipid bilayer (hydrophillic head, hydrophobic tail); cholesterol stabilizes the membrane;

115
Q

CAMs

A

cellular adhesion molecules; guide cells on the move; selectin- allows WBC to “anchor”; integrin- contacts an adhesion receptor protein protruding into the capillary space

116
Q

cytoplasm

A
  1. cystol

2. organelles

117
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

connected, membrane-bound sacs, canals, and vesicles; transport system;

  1. smooth ER- lipid synthesis; breakdown drugs
  2. rough ER- contains ribosomes
118
Q

Ribosomes

A

free floating or connected to rough ER; provides structural support and enzyme activity to amino acids to form protein

119
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

stack of flattened membrane sacs; modifies, packages, and delivers proteins;

120
Q

Vesicles

A

membranous sacs/ stores substances

121
Q

Mitochondria

A

membranous sacs with inner partitions; generates ATP

122
Q

lysosome

A

enzyme containing sacs; digest worn out cell parts

123
Q

peroxisomes

A

enzyme/break down organic molecules

124
Q

Centrosomes

A

2 rod like centrioles; used to produce cilia and flagella; distributes chromosomes during cell division

125
Q

cilia

A

short-hair likes projections; propel substances to the surface

126
Q

flagellum

A

long tail-like; sperm

127
Q

microfilaments

A

makes up cytostructural skeleton of a cell; thin rods and tubules; support cytoplasm; allows for movement of organelles

128
Q

Inclusions

A

temporary nutrients and pigments

129
Q

Cell nucleus

A

control center of the cell; nuclear envelope; porous double membrane; separates nuceloplasm from cytoplasm

130
Q

nucleolus

A

dense collection of RNA and proteins; where ribosomes are made

131
Q

chromatin

A

fibers of DNA and proteins; stores information for synthesis of proteins

132
Q

Passive (physical) process

A

require NO cellular energy and includes:

  1. simple diffusion
  2. facilitated diffusion
  3. osmosis
  4. filtration
133
Q

Active (physiological process)

A

requires cellular energy and includes:

  1. active transport
  2. endocytosis
  3. exocytosis
  4. transcytosis
134
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

movement of substances from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration; O2, CO2, and lipid soluble

135
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

diffusion across a membrane with the help of osmosis; movement of H2O through a selectively permeable membrane from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration

136
Q

isotonic

A

same isotonic pressure

137
Q

hypertonic

A

more ionic (water is lost); creanated–> ready to lyse or explode

138
Q

hyptonic

A

less ionic (water is gained)

139
Q

osmotic pressure

A

ability of osmosis to generate pressure to move a volume of water; increases as the concentration of nonpermeable solutes increase

140
Q

filtration

A

smaller molecules are forced through porous membranes; hydrostatic pressure; molecules leaving blood capillaries

141
Q

Sodium- Potassium Pump

A

creates balance by “pumping” three Na OUT and two K into the cell; always a 3:2 ratio

142
Q

Endocytosis

A

cell engulfs a substance by forming a vesicle around the substances; 3 types:

  1. pinocytosis
  2. phagocytosis
  3. receptor- mediated
143
Q

Exocytosis

A

reverse of endocytosis; substances in a vesicle fuse with cell membrane; contents release outside of cell; release neurotransmitters from nerve cell

Anatomy Chapters 1-3 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions