chapter 1 Flashcards
matter
anything that has mass and takes up space
volume
the measure of a size a body or region in three dimensional space
Meniscus
the curve at the liquids surface by witch one measures the volume of the liquid
mass
a measure of the amount of matter in a object
weight
it caned be measured by pounds newtons or grams to find the weight
inertia
the tendency of a object not to move
Section 2
h
physical property
where it does not change the color or texture but its body
density
the ratio of the mass of a substance
physical change
a change of matter from one substance to another
Section 3
h
chemical property
matter that describes it abilitys
chemical change
when one substance changes to another
chapter 2
states of matter
states of matter
the physical forms of matter which include solid liquid and gas
solid
the state in matter witch the volume and shape of a substance are fixed
liquid
the state of matter that has a definite shape and volume.
surface tension
a special property of liquids
viscotity
the resistance of a gas or a liquid to flow
gas
a gas with no definite shape
section 2
h
temperature
the measure of how fast the particles are moving
volume
the amount of space a object takes up
pressure
the amount of force givin
Section 3
h
Change of state
the change of a substance from one physical state to another
melting
a change of a state in witch a solid becomes a liquid by adding energy
evaporation
the change of a substance from a liquid to a gas
boiling
the conversion of a liquid to a vapor when the vapor pressure of the liquids equals the atmospheric pressure
condensation
the change of state from a gas to a liquid
sublimation
the process in witch a solid changes directly into a gas
Chapter 3, Section 1
h
element
is a pure substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances .
pure substance
a substance in witch there is only one type of particle
metal
an element that is shiny and conducts heat well
nonmetal
an element that conducts heat and electricity poorly
metalloid
an element that has properties of both metals and nonmetals.
Section 2
h
compuonds
a substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds
Section 3
h
mixture
a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined.
solution
a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances uniformly dispersed throughout a single phase
solute
in a solution, the substance that dissolves in the solvent.
solvent
in a solution, a substance in which the solute dissolves.
concentration
the amount of a particular substance in a given quantity of a mixture, solution, or ore
solubility
the ability of one substance to dissolve in another at a given temperature and pressure
suspention
a mixture in which particles of a material are more or less evenly dispersed throughout a liquid or a gas
colloid
a mixture consisting of tiny particles that are intermediate in size between those in solutions and those in suspension and that are suspended in a liquid, solid, or gas
Chapter 4, Section 1
h
atom
the smallest unit of a element that maintains the properties of that element
electron
a subatomic particle that has a negative charge
nucleus
in a physical science, an atoms central region, which is made up of protons and neutrons
electron cloud
a region around the nucleus of an atom where electrons are likely to be found
Section 2
h
proton
a subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom
atomic mass unit
a unit of mass that describes the mass of an atom or molecule
neutron
a subatomic particle that has no charge and is found in the nucleus of a atom
atomic number
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom; the atomic number is the same for all atoms of a element
isotope
an atom that has the same number of protons as other atoms of the same element do but that has a different number of neutrons
mass number
the sum of number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
atomic mass
the mass of an atom expressed in atomic mass units
Chapter 5, Section 1
h
periodic
describes something that occurs or repeats at regular intervals
periodic law
the law that states that the repeating chemical and physical properties of elements change periodically with the atomic numbers of elements
period
in chemistry a horizontal row of elements in the periodic table
group
a vertical column of elements in the periodic table
Section 2
h
alkali metal
one of the elements of group 1 of the periodic table
alkali earth metal
one of the elements of group 2 of the periodic table
halogen
one of the elements of group 17 of the periodic table
noble gas
one of the elements of group 18 of the periodic table
Chapter 1, Section 1
h
cell
in biology the smallest unit that can perform all life processes cells that covered by a membrane and have DNA and Cytoplasm.
cell membrane
a phosphoric layer that covers a cells surface acts as a barrier between the inside the inside of a cell and the cells environment.
organelle
one of the small bodies in a cells cytoplasm that are specialized to perform a specific function.
nucleus
in a Eukaryota cell a membrane bound organelle that contains the cells DNA and that has a role in the process such as growth metabolism and reproduction.
prokaryote
an organism that consist of a single cell that does not have a nucleus.
eukaryote
an organism made up of cells that have a nucleus enclosed by a membrane Eukaryota include animals, plants, and fungi but not archaebacteria and eubacteria
Section 2
h
cell wall
a ridged structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell.
ribosome
cell organelle composed of RNA and protein the site of protein synthesis
endoplasmic reticulum
a system of membranes found in a cells cytoplasm and that assist in the production, processing and transport of protein and in the production of lipids
mitochondria
in Eukaryota cells, the cell organelle that is surrendered by two membranes and that is the site of cellar respiration
golgi complex
cell organelle that helps make and package materials to be transported out of the cell.
vesicle
a small cavity or sac that contains materials in a eukaryotic cell
lysosome
a cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes
Section 3
h
tissue
a group of similar cells that perform a common function
organ
a collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body
organ system
a group of organs that work together to perform body functions
organism
anything that can carry out life processes independily
structure
the arrangement of parts in a organism
function
the normal special proper activity of an organ or part
Chapter 2, Section 1
h
diffusion
the movement of particles from regions of higher density to regions of lower density
osmosis
the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane
passive transport
the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy
active transport
the movement of substances across the cell membrane that request the cell to use energy
endocytosis
the process by which a cell membrane surronds
Section 2
h
photosynthesis
the process by witch plants algae and some bacteria are used as sunlight carbon dioxide and water to make up food
cellular respiration
the process by witch cells use oxygen to produce energy from food
fermentation
the breakdown of food without the use of oxygen
Section 3
h
homologous chromosomes
chromosomes that have the same sequences of genes and the same structure
mitosis
in Eukaryota cells a process of cell division that forms two new nuclei each of witch has the same numbers of chromosomes
cytokinesis
the division of the cytoplasm of a cell
Chapter 3, Section 1
h
heredity
the passing of genetic traits from parent to offspring
dominant trait
the trait observed in the first generation when parents that have different traits are bred
recessive trait
a trait that reappears in the second generation after dispersing in the first generation.
Section 2
h
gene
one set of instructions for an inherited trait
allele
one of the alternative forms of a gene that governs a characteristic.
phenotype
an organisms appearance or other detectable characteristic
genotype
the entire genetic makeup of an organisms.
probabilty
the likelihood that a possible future event will occur in any given instance of the event
Section 3
h
homologous chromosomes
chromosomes that have the same number of genes and the same structure
meiosis
a process in cell division during witch the number of chromosomes are cut in to half
sex chromosomes
one pair of chromosomes that determine the sex of the induvidual
Chapter 4, Section 1
h
DNA
Aligonucleotide acid a molecule that is in all living things
nucleotide
in a nucleic acid chain a summit that consist of sugar
Section 2
h
RNA
ribonuclic acid it plays a role as protein
ribosome
a cell organism composed of RNA
mutation
a change in the nucleotide chain sequence of a chain.
Chapter 1, Section 1
h
ecology
the study of the interactions of living organisms with one another and their environment.
biotic
describes living factors in the environment
abiotic
describes the non-living part of the environment.
population
a group of organisms of the same species that live in a specific geographical area
community
all the populations of species that live in the same habitat and interact with one another.
ecosystem
a community of organisms and their abiotic environment
biosphere
the part of earth where life exist.
Section 2
h
herbivore
a organism that eats only plant
carnivore
a organism that eats only meat
omnivore
a organism that eats both plants and meat
food chain
a diagram that shows how energy flows from one organism to another
food web
a diagram that shows the feeding relationship between organisms
energy pyramid
a diagram that shows the ecosystem loss of energy
Section 3
h
carrying capacity
the largest population then it carrying capacity
prey
it gets eaten
preditor
it eats the other animal
symbiosis
its where they associate with one another
mutualism
its where both species benifit
commensalism
one is benefits and the other one is harmed
parasitism
one benefits and the other one is harmed
coevolution
makes the relationship more beneficial to both species
Chapter 2
h
evaporation
the change of a sub. from liquid to solid
condensation
the change of a sub. from gas to lquid
precipitation
any form of water that falls from earths surface to the clouds
decompostion
the breakdown of sub. to simplier subs.
combustion
the burning of a sub.
succesion
the replacment of community by one another
pioneer species
a species that colinizes an unhbabinate area
