Chapter 1 Flashcards
What do neurons do?
They transmit information.
What are neurons?
Building blocks of nervous system.
What are two kinds of nerve fibers?
Dendrites & Axons
What kind of nerve fibers are dendrites? Axons?
Dendrites: afferent (sensory)
Axons: efferent (motor)
What does myelin sheath do?
Facilitates speed of neural transmitters.
What are nerves?
Bundles of axons, dendrites or both.
What is neural transmission? When does it occur?
Neural transmission is the process of information exchange. It occurs at synapse.
*Neurotransmitter- ACH
What is in the CNS?
Brain
Spinal Cord
What is in the PNS?
12 pairs of cranial nerves
31 pairs of spinal nerves
What is the spinal cord?
Bundle of nerve fibers within the vertebral column.
What makes up the brain?
Brainstem Cerebellum Diencephalon Cerebral Ventricles Association Fibers Commissural Fibers
What makes up the brainstem?
Medulla
Pons
Midbrain
What are other names for medulla, pons, & midbrain?
Medulla- myelencephalon
Pons- metaencephalon
Midbrain- mesencephalon
What is the function of the cerebellum?
Cerebellum coordinates and modulates force and range of body movement to produce smooth, rhythmic movements including speech movements.
*Does NOT initiate movement!!!
How many hemisphere’s does the cerebellum have?
2- right and left
What is the diencephalon?
Area in the brain between brainstem and cerebral hemispheres.
*It is NOT part of the hemispheres!
What structures are located in the diencephalon?
3rd Ventricle Thalamus Basal Ganglia Subthalamic Nuclei Substantial Nigra
Which ventricle is located in the diencephalon?
3rd Ventricle
Which is the largest of the diencephalon structures?
Thalamus.
What is the thalamus made of?
Made up of two egg shaped bundles of nuclei. Includes a relay station which integrates sensory info and relays it to the cortical areas. Receives info about motor impulses from basal ganglia & cerebellum and relays these to motor areas of cortex.
Where is basal ganglia located?
Near the thalamus.
What important roles does the basal ganglia play?
Plays important roles in inhibition and facilitation of movement.
What can damage to the basal ganglia lead to?
It can lead to unusual postures, involuntary movements (dyskinesias), and dysarthria.
What structures are part of the basal ganglia?
Caudate nucleus Lenticular nucleus (putamen & globus pallidus)
What is sometimes considered to be part of the basal ganglia? Where is it located?
Subthalmic nuclei located just below the thalamus.
What structure, located below the subthalmic nuclei, is also sometimes considered to be part of the basal ganglia?
Substantial nigra
What are cerebral ventricles?
Interconnected cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
What is CSF?
A clear fluid which circulates through CNS and cushions the brain, regulates intracranial pressure, nourishes neural tissue, and removes waste products.
True or False: Changes in CSF may indicate neurological problem.
True
Ventricles hold what percentage of the bodies CSF?
15%
Where is the remaining 85% of CSF located?
Subarachnoid space
CSF flows through the _________ and is then __________ into the blood.
Ventricles; reabsorbed
How often is CSF replaced?
Every 8 hours.
What are the four ventricle?
2 lateral ventricles
3rd ventricle
4th ventricle
What are the largest of the ventricle? Where are they found?
2 lateral ventricles which are found below the corpus callosum.
Where is the 3rd ventricle located? How is is connected with the lateral ventricles?
Located at the top of the brainstem below the lateral ventricles. Connected to the lateral ventricles via foramen of Munro.
Ventricles contain the choroid plexus. What does the choroid plexus produce?
Cerebrospinal Fluid
