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Mammalian Physiology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Two approaches used to explain events that occur in the body

A
  1. The purpose of a body process (why)

2. The mechanism by which the process occurs (how)

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1
Q

Physiology is

A

The study of the functions of living things

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2
Q

What is anatomy

A

The study of the structure of the body

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3
Q

Why do structures evolve

A

To solve problems of function

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4
Q

What does function depend on

A

Structure

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5
Q

Smallest building blocks of matter

A

Atoms

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6
Q

Most common atoms in the body

A

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen

-make up 96% of body

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7
Q

Atoms combine to form

A

Molecules of life

-proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids

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8
Q

What does the chemical level consist of

A

Atoms and molecules

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9
Q

What does the cellular level consist of

A

Cells

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10
Q

What is a cell

A

The fundamental unit of both structure and function in a living being
-it is the smallest unit capable of carrying out processes associated with life

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11
Q

What encloses the contents of each cell and controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell

A

Plasma membrane

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12
Q

What are the 8 functions of cells

A
  1. Separation of self from environment
  2. Need nutrients, building blocks to make cellular compoments
  3. Energy production
  4. Removal of wastes
  5. Irritability
  6. Self replication
  7. Importance of stem cells
  8. Homeostasis
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13
Q

What do cells combine to form

A

Tissues

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14
Q

What are the four primary types of tissues

A
  1. Muscle
  2. Nervous
  3. Epithelial
  4. Connective
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15
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Consists of cells specialized for contracting,vwhich generates tension and produces movement

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16
Q

Three types of muscle tissue

A
  1. Skeletal muscle- moves the skeleton
  2. Cardiac muscle- pumps blood out of the heart
  3. Smooth muscle- controls movement of contents through hollow tubes and organs, such as digestive tract
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17
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Consists of cells specialized for initiating and transmitting electrical impulses

  • these electrical impulses act as signals that relay information from one part of the body to another
  • signals are important in communication, coordination and control in the body
  • found in brain, spinal cord, nerves and special sense organs
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18
Q

Epitheleal tissue

A

Consists of cells specialized for exchanging materials between the cell and its environment

  • any substance that enters or leaves the body must pass an epitheleal barrier
  • organized into two general types: sheets and glands
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19
Q

Epitheleal sheets

A

Layers of tightly joined cells that cover and line various parts of the body
-serve as boundaries that separate the body from its surrounding and from the contents of cavities that open to the outside

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20
Q

Glands

A

Epitheleal tissue derivatives specialized for secreting

  • formed during embryonic development
  • two categories of glands: endocrine and exocrine
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21
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Secrete through ducts to the outside of the body

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22
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Lack ducts and release their secretory products known as hormones internally into the blood

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23
Q

Connective tissue

A

Has few cells dispersed within an abundance of extracellular material
-it connects, supports and anchors various body parts

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24
Q

What are primary tissues

A

They consist of an integrated collection of cells with the same specialized structure and function

25
Q

What is an organ

A

Made up of two or more types of primary tissue organized to perform a particular function

26
Q

Organ example- stomach

A
  • lined with epitheleal tissue that retricts the transfer of harsh digestive chemicals and undigested food
  • epitheleal glands include exocrine cells
  • wall of stomach contains smooth muscle tissueehose contractions mix ingested food with the digestive juices and push the mixture out of the stomach and into the intestine
  • stomach wall also contains nervous tissue which controls muscle contraction and gland secretion
  • **connective tissue binds all these tissues together
27
Q

What are body systems

A

Groups of organs

  • each system is a collection of organs that perform related functions and interact to accomplish a commom activity essential for survival of the whole body
  • ex is digestive system
28
Q

Human body systems

A
  1. Circulatory
  2. Digestive
  3. Respiratory
  4. Urinary
  5. Skeletal
  6. Muscular
  7. Integumentary
  8. Immune
  9. Nervous
  10. Endocrine
  11. Reproductive
29
Q

Do body systems work in isolation from one another?

A

No.

30
Q

What is the external environment

A

The surrounding environment in which an organism lives

31
Q

How does a single celled organism obtain nutrients

A

Directly from its immediate external surroundings and eliminates wastes back into that surrounding

32
Q

What is an internal environment

A

The fluid that surrounds the cells and through which they make life-sustaining exchanges
-must be kept relatively stable but characteristics change

33
Q

Intracellular fluid

A

The fluid collectively contained within all body cells

34
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

The fluid outside the cells but inside the body, thus it is the internal environment

35
Q

What is the ECF made up of

A
  1. Plasma- fluid portion of the blood

2. Interstitial fluid-surrounds and bathes the cells

36
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment

-essential for the survival of each cell

37
Q

When any factor starts to move the internal environment away from optimal conditions

A

The body systems initiate counter-reactions to minimize the change

38
Q

Is homeostasis a rigid fixed state?

A

No it is a dynamic steady state in which the changes that do occur are minimized by compensatory physiological responses

39
Q

Dynamic means

Steady means

A
  • Each homeostatically regulated factor is marked by continuous change
  • implies that these changes do not deviate far from a constant level
40
Q

Compensatory mechanisms

A

Are either immediate responses to a situation or more longterm adaptationsn
-long term adaptatiobs make the body more efficient in responding to an ongoing or reptitive challenge

41
Q

Factors of the envrionment that are homeostatically regulated

A
  1. Concentration of nutrient molecules
  2. Concentration of waste products
  3. Concentration of water salts and other electrolytes
  4. Volume and pressure
  5. Temperature
  6. Concentration of water and carbon dioxide
  7. PH
42
Q

Concentration of nutrients

A

Cells need a constant supply of nutrient molecules for energy production. In turn energy is needed to support life-sustaining and specialized cell activities

43
Q

Concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide

A

Cells need oxygen to carryout energy yoelding processes. The co2 produced during these rxns must be removed so that the acid-forming co2 does not increase the acidity of the internal environment

44
Q

Concentration of waste products

A

The end products of some chemical reactions have a toxic effect on body cells if these wastes are allowed to accumulate

45
Q

PH

A

Chamges in the pH of the ECF adversely affect nerve cell function and wreak havoc with the enzyme activity of all cells

46
Q

Concentrations of water salt and other electrolytes

A
  • bc the concentrations of salt and water in the ECF influence how much water enters or leaves the cells these concentrations are regulated carefully to maintain proper volume of cells. Cells dont perform properly when they are shrunked or swollen
  • electrolytes perform a variety of vital functions such as the heartbeat which depends on te concentration of potassium
47
Q

Volume and pressure

A

The circulating component of the internal environment, the plasma, must be maintained at adequate volume and blood pressure to ensure body-wide distribution of the important link between the external environment and the cells

48
Q

Temperature

A

Body cells function best within a narrow temperature range. If cells are too cold their functions slow down too much. If too hot their structural and enzymatic proteins are impaired or destroyed

49
Q

Circulatory systems contribution to homeostasis

A
  • heart blood vessels blood
  • transports materials such as nutrients, o2, co2, wastes, electrolytes and hormones from one part of the body to another
50
Q

The digestive system’s contribution to homeostasis

A
  • mouth esophagus stomach and intestines
  • breaks down dietary food into small nutrient molecules that can be absorbed and distributed to cells. Also transfers water and electrolytes from the external env to the internal env
51
Q

The respiratory system’s contribution to homeostasis

A
  • lungs and major airways

- get oxygen and eliminated carbon dioxide to the external environment

52
Q

The urinary system’s contribution to homeostasis

A
  • kidneys and associated plumming
  • Removes excess water, salt, acid and other electrolytes from the plasma and eliminates them in the urine, along with waste products
53
Q

The skeletal system’s contribution to homeostasis

A
  • bones and joints
  • provides support and protection for te soft tissue and organs. Also serves as a storage resevoir for calcium. Together with the muscular systemthe skeletal system enables the body and its parts to move.
54
Q

The muscular system’s contribution to homeostasis

A
  • skeletal muscles
  • moves the bones to which the skeletal muscles are attached. This system enables a person to move toward food or away from harm. The heat generated by the muscle contraction helps maintain body temperature.
55
Q

Integumentary system

A
  • skin and related structures
  • serves as an puter protective barrier that prevents internal fluid from being lost from the body and foreign microorganisms from entering. Also important in regulating body temperature. The amount of heat lost from the body surface to the external environment can be adjusted by controlling sweat production and by regulating the flow of warm blood through skin
56
Q

The immune system’s contribution to homeostasis

A
  • white blood cells and lymphoid organs
  • defends against foreign invaders such as bacteria and viruses and against body cells that have become cancerous. Also paves the way for repairing or replacing injured or worn out cells
57
Q

The nervous system’s contribution to homeostasis

A
  • brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense organs
  • one of the body’s two major regulatory systems. It controls and coordinates body activities that require swift responses. It is especially important in detecting changes in the environment and initiating reactions to them.
58
Q

The endocrine system’s contribution to homeostasis

A
  • all hormone secreting glands
  • the other major regulatory system. Regulates activities that requIre duration rather than speed, such as growth. Important in controlling the blood concentration of nutrients and controlling the volume and electrolyte composition of the ECF
59
Q

The reproductive system’s contribution to homeostasis

A

-male and female gonads (testes and ovaries-not essential for survivalof the individual or homeostasis. Essential for perpetuating the species

Mammalian Physiology (1 decks)

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