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Chemistry 111 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Matter

A

Anything that occupies space and has mass. An atom is the fundamental building block

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2
Q

Solid

A

State of matter with a definite shape and volume. Most dense, not compressible.

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3
Q

Allotropes

A

(Solid) Different form of the same element that exist in the same physical state under the same conditions of temperature and pressure.
Ex. Carbon

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4
Q

Crystalline Solid

A

Solids with an ordered arrangement of atoms, molecules or ions that results in planar faces and sharp angles of the crystals. Long range pattern, organized
Ex. Diamonds

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5
Q

Amorphous Solid

A

A solid whose constituent nanoscale particles have no long-range repeating structure. No long range pattern
Ex. Charcoal

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6
Q

Liquid

A

A phase of matter in which a substance has no definite shape but a definite volume, not as dense as a solid.

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7
Q

Gas

A

A phase of matter in which a substance has no definite shape and has a volume determined by the container, molecules very spread out

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8
Q

Element

A

Substance that connote be decomposed into two or more substances by any means

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9
Q

Periodic Table

A

Elements organized in rows by atomic number(number of protons) and columns by shared reactivity

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10
Q

Metals

A

Solid at room temperature(except Mercury)
Conduct electricity(electrons flow easily)
Ductile(ability to be drawn into wires)
Malleable(ability to made into thin sheets)
Can form alloys(uniform mixtures of metals)
Usually have high densities
Metallic nature increase right to left and down a column

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11
Q

Non-Metals

A

Typically don’t conduce electricity
More diverse in properties
No common state of matter
Not all monatomic

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12
Q

Monatomic Element

A

Element occurring as a single atoms at 25C and 1atm.

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13
Q

Diatomic Element

A

Element that forms a molecule at 25C and 1 atm that consists of two atoms of that element.
Ex. H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2

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14
Q

Polyatomic Element

A

Element that forms a molecule at 25C and 1atm that consists of three or more atoms of that element
Ex. P4, S8

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15
Q

Metalloids

A

Share properties of metals and non-metals

Many are superconductors: substance that is highly conductive when cooled below a critical temperature

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16
Q

Main Group Elements

A

Group 1A-8A (columns 1-2 and 13-18) These elements react in predictable ways

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17
Q

Transition Metals

A

Groups 1B-8B (columns 3-12) These elements react less predictably than the main group elements, but prefer to lose elections to become positively charged

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18
Q

Alkali Metals

A

Group 1A metals (column 1). These elements are highly reactive. These elements take a +1 charge when they form compounds.

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19
Q

Alkaline Earth Metals

A

Group 2A metals (column 2). These elements are highly reactive, react less than the alkali metals. These elements take a +2 charge when they form compounds.

20
Q

Halogens

A

Group 7A non-metals (column 7). These elements are highly reactive non-metals. These elements are typically diatomic. As monatomic ions, these elements take a -1 charge.

21
Q

Nobel Gases

A

Group 8A non-metals (column 18). These elements are mostly unreactive and are gases under normal conditions (room temperature and atmospheric pressure).

22
Q

Compound

A

A pure substance that can be decomposed into two or more pure substances by chemical means

23
Q

Heterogenous Mixture

A

A non-uniform mixture in which components remain separate and can be observed as individual substances or phases.

24
Q

Homogeneous Mixture

A

A mixture of two or more substances in a single phase that is uniform throughout. (Can’t see different substances at the macroscopic level; but there are distance differences at the molecular level.

25
Q

Physical Properties

A

Characteristic of a substance that displays itself without causing a change in chemical composition, usually liked with a physical change. No chemical bonds broken.
Ex. Odor, taste, appearance, malleability, ductility, melting and boiling point, density.

26
Q

Physical Change

A

Change in a substance that does not alter chemical composition
Ex. phase transitions, dissolving, abrasion

27
Q

Chemical Properties

A

Characteristics that can only be observed by altering chemical bonds
Ex. Corrosiveness, flammability, acidity, toxicity

28
Q

Chemical Changes

A

Changes that alter chemical composition

Ex. Rusting, combustion, neutralization, tarnishing, decomposition

29
Q

Accuracy

A

The degree to which a measurement agrees with the accepted value

30
Q

Precision

A

The degree to which several determinations of the same measurement give the same value

31
Q

Significant Figures

A

Used in chemistry to reflect the accuracy of the experimental data

32
Q

Length

A

Measurement of distance or dimension

33
Q

Volume

A

Derived unit of length

34
Q

Mass

A

Measurement of quantity of matter

35
Q

Temperature

A

Measurement of the average kinetic energy of molecules in a substance

36
Q

Kinetic-Molecular Theory

A

Matter consists of atoms that are in constant motion. As temperature increase, atoms move faster

37
Q

Density

A

Derived unit of mass and length

38
Q

Intensive Property

A

Property that does NOT depend on the amount of sample you have
Ex. Density

39
Q

Extensive Property

A

Property that depends on how much of a substance you have.

Ex. Mass and Volume

40
Q

Archimedes Principle

A

You can measure the volume of objects by water displacement

41
Q

Isotopes

A

Elements wight he same atomic number but a different number of neutrons, create different masses due to neutrons

42
Q

Atomic Number

A

Z = number of protons = nuclear charge

43
Q

Mass Number

A

A = atomic mass = number of protons + number of neutrons

44
Q

Charge

A

Number of protons minus the number of elections

45
Q

Ion

A

Atom/molecule with a charge other than zero

46
Q

Cation

A

Positively charged ion

47
Q

Anion

A

Negatively charged ion

Chemistry 111 (3 decks)

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