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APES > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

0
Q

What are some statistics of Increasing population growth and declining human well-being?

A

Population growth: 80 Mil per year

  • 2013-over 7.1 Billion
  • 2050-could be 9.3 Billion
  • 2200-10 billion
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1
Q

What are Four Global trends that are of particular concern?

A

1) Increasing Population Growth and Declining Human Well-Being
2) A decline of vital ecosystem services
3) The negative impacts of global atmospheric changes
4) A loss of biodiversity

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2
Q

All UN member countries adopted a set of goals to reduce poverty and it’s effects on human well-being

A

Millennium Goals

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3
Q

What are 4 Indicators of Decline of Vital Ecosystems?

A
  • Depleted Water Supplies
  • Degraded Agricultural Soil
  • Overfishing
  • Forests cut faster than they grow
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4
Q

The natural and managed ecosystems that provide essential goods and services to human enterprises.

A

Ecosystem Capital

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5
Q

3 types of goods and services

A

1)PROVISIONING Services:goods like food and fuel
(timber,fiber,crops,livestock,wild foods,etc.)
2)REGULATING Services:processes like flood protection(erosion pro.)
3)CULTURAL Services:Nonmaterial benefits like Recreation.

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6
Q

Goods

A

Freshwater,all of our foods,much of our fuel,wood for lumber and paper,leather,furs,raw materials for fabric,oils and alcohol,etc.

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7
Q

Services

A

Support human life and economic well-being,such as the breakdown of wastes,regulation of the climate,erosion control,pest management,crucial nutrient cycles.

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8
Q

Took 4 years to compile information about the ecosystem around the globe.Scientists found widespread abuse and overexploitation of ecosystem resources

A

Millennium Ecosystems Assessment

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9
Q

Global Warming trend since 1958 correlates with the emissions of CO2

A

280 ppm-1990,395 ppm-2012

Greenhouse effect-increase in the temperature caused by Co2 and other gases to trap heat.

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10
Q

Anthropogenic greenhouse gases

A

Due to human activity

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11
Q

What is an unavoidable by-product of burning fossil fuels?

A

CO2

Fossil Fuels-like crude oil,coal,and natural gas

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12
Q

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)

A

-responsibility to report it’s Assessment on climate change at 5-year intervals.

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13
Q

The Fourth Assessment Report (FAR)

A

-produces convincing evidence of human-induced climate change

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14
Q

Montreal Protocol (1987)

A

-aimed at curbing pollution from the release of
chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants into the atmosphere

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15
Q

Kyoto Protocol

A
  • 166 nations met in Kyoto Japan in December 1997
  • Treaty was ratified in 2004 to reduce emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases
  • US-biggest emitter
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16
Q

What is Biodiversity and what significance does it serve?

A

They variability among living organisms and the ecological complexes of which they are apart

  • It’s the mainstay of Agriculture Crops and Medicine
  • Critical Factor in maintaining the stability of natural systems
  • Enabling them to recover after disturbances
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17
Q

What are 3 Contributors of Loss of Biodiversity?

A
  • Habitat Alteration
  • Pollution
  • Exploitation
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18
Q

What is the study of how the world works? It is the most multidisciplinary of all the sciences.

A

Environmental Science

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19
Q

What are the Cumulative Impacts?

A

Doing too much of one activity

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20
Q

What are the Un-intended Consequences ?

A

Not paying attention how the world works

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21
Q

What is the movement that is marked by increasing awareness of the environment. It has been so successful that Congress created the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1970 and passed numerous laws promoting pollution control and wildlife protection?

A

The Environmental Movement

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22
Q

What are persons and organizations with a strong focus on environmental concerns?

A

Environmentalists

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23
Q

What is a term used to refer to the widespread development of the environmental movement?

A

Environmentalism

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24
Q

What are the Strategic themes of how we should conceptualize our task of forging a sustainable future?

A
  • Sound Science
  • Stewardship
  • Sustainability
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25
Q

What is the basis for our understanding of how the world works and how human systems interact with it?

A

Sound Science

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27
Q

What are the the actions and programs that manage natural resources and human well-being for the common good?

A

Stewardship

28
Q

What are the four basic assumptions of the scientific method?

A

1) What we perceive with our 5 senses represents an objective reality
2) This objective reality functions according to certain basic principles and natural laws that remain consistent.
3) Every result has a cause and every event in turn will cause other events.
4) Through our powers of observation, manipulation,
and reason, we can discover and understand the basic principles and natural laws by which the universe functions.

29
Q

What is the sequence of the Scientific Method?

A
  • observations
  • hypothesis
  • test
  • conclusion
30
Q

What is the foundation of all science and scientific discovery?

A

Observation

31
Q

What are things or events that have been confirmed
by more than one observer and remain open to be reconfirmed by additional people?

A

Facts

32
Q

What sets up situations to make systemic observations regarding causes and effects?

A

Experimentation

33
Q

A hypothesis becomes a _____only after much testing and confirmation.

A

Theory

34
Q

Is then tested through observation or experimentation. This tentatively explains how observations are related.

A

Hypothesis

35
Q

What is logically consistent with all observations, can suggest or predict certain events, and represents a valid interpretation of reality?

A

Theory

36
Q

The second assumption underlying science: the universe functions according to certain basic principles that remain consistent through time and space.They are principles by which we can define and predict the behavior of matter and energy.

A

Natural Laws

37
Q

What are perfectly valid explanations of data gathered from the natural world, and they can be predictive, but they never reach the status of laws?

A

Concepts

38
Q

What are the three roles of instruments?

A

1) Extend our powers of observation(telescopes,microscopes,x-Ray)
2) are used to quantify observations(scales,thermometers)
3) Allow us to make observations or conduct experiments(robots)

39
Q

4 reasons why controversies exist in science.

A

1) New information arises
2) Complex phenomena are not easily tested
3) Multiple perspectives have be involved
4) Bias by those who stand to profit from controversy

40
Q

What is legitimate science using the scientific method?

A

Sound Science

41
Q

What is information that is presented as valid science, but that does not conform to the rigors of the methods and practice of legitimate science?

A

Junk Science

42
Q

Three examples of junk science.

A

1) Politically motivated distortions of scientific works
2) Presentations of selective results
3) Publications in quasi-scientific works.

43
Q

can be continued indefinitely, without
depleting any of the material or energy resources required to keep it running.

A

Sustainability

44
Q

is to harvest resources but stay within the capacity of the population to grow and replace itself. (first applied in forestry and fisheries)

A

Sustainable Yields

45
Q

are entire natural systems that persist and thrive over time by recycling nutrients and maintaining a diversity of species in balance and by using the Sun as a source of sustainable energy.

A

Sustainable ecosystems

46
Q

is a society in balance with the natural world, continuing generation after generation, neither depleting its resource base by exceeding sustainable yields nor producing pollutants in excess of nature’s capacity to absorb them.

A

Sustainable society

47
Q

development or progress that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. First defined by the World Commission on Environment and Development and published in Our Common Future (1987).

A

Sustainable Development

48
Q

What is the continued improvement of human well-being?

A

Development

49
Q

What are developed countries concerned with?

What are developing countries concerned with?

A
  • Environmental Sustainability

- Economic Devlopment

50
Q

What is meeting the needs of the present, but future generations are seen as equally deserving?

A

Equity

51
Q

The concerns of sociologists, economists, and ecologists must interact in order to achieve __________ in a society.

A

sustainable solutions

52
Q

are concerned mainly with growth, efficiency, and the optimum use of resources.

A

Economists

53
Q

mainly focus on human needs and on concepts like equity, empowerment, social cohesion, and cultural identity.

A

Sociologists

54
Q

show their greatest concern for preserving the integrity of natural systems, for living within the carrying capacity of the environment, and for dealing effectively with pollution.

A

Ecologists

55
Q

which evaluates the ability of nations to protect the environment.
- produced by Yale University (1999-2005)
- evaluated a society’s natural resources and its
stewardship of those resources and the people they support

A

Environmental Sustainability Index

56
Q

Three ways in which the stewardship ethic is demonstrated

A

1) Recognition that a trust has been given
2) Responsible care for something not owned
3) Desire to pass something on to future generations

57
Q

who wrote the book Silent Spring in
1962 which alerted the public about the dangers of pesticides and their role in decimating bird populations.

  • John F. Kennedy supported her movement
  • This forced Congress to pass the Environmental Policy Act
A

Rachel Carson

58
Q

is a farmer in El Salvador who organized opposition to a damaging mining operation by the Canadian mining company Pacific Rim. Pineda received the 2011 Goldman Environmental Prize.

A

Francisco Pineda

59
Q

the first Kenyan woman to earn a PhD, founded the Green Belt Movement that has planted 30 million trees in that country.
- She received the Nobel Peace Prize in 2004, the first environmental activist to receive that honor. Maathai died of cancer in 2011.

A

Dr. Wangari Maathai

60
Q

the placement of waste sites and other hazardous industries in towns and neighborhoods in which most of the residents are nonwhite.

A

Environmental racism

61
Q

List two ways in which Environmental Racism is demonstrated:

A

-Wealthier,politically active white communities get more facility improvements:(roads,sewer projects)

62
Q

What is the accelerating interconnectedness of human economies,ideas,and cultures

A

Globalization

63
Q

Positive outcomes of globalization

A
  • Health Improvements
  • Improved crop yields
  • Environmentally friendly consumer goods
  • Economic exchanges have connected people to global markets
64
Q

Negative Outcomes of Globalization

A
  • Worldwide spread of diseases (AIDS)
  • Trade in hazardous wastes
  • Spread of organic pollutants
  • Global climate change
65
Q

Good news

A

Fewer people are starving, life expectancy is rising, and population rates are slowing

88
Q

What is the practical goal that our interactions with the natural world that we should be working toward?

A

Sustainability

APES (1 decks)

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