chapter 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Power
A
The ability to control someone or something
2
Q
Authority
A
Power with the right to control power
3
Q
Christopher Columbus
A
Landed in Bahamas and sailed ocean blue in 1492
4
Q
John Cabot
A
English sailor trying to find the Northwest Passage
5
Q
Stamp Act
A
The 1765 British decree taxing all legal papers issued in the colonies.
6
Q
King George the III
A
He created the Proclamation Line (Application Mountains) that limited colonial expansion in North America. He enforced many tax laws on the colonists who thought it unfair without representation in Parliament. This tension started the American Revolution.
7
Q
Articles of Confederation
A
The plan, ratified by the states in 1771, that established a national congress with limited powers (it couldn’t tax and raise money) It was replaced by the Constitution.
8
Q
Legislative Branch
A
Concerning the branch of government (Congress) that makes laws. Congress is made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives.
9
Q
Parliament
A
the assembly of representatives who make laws in England.
10
Q
Boycott
A
A refusal to buy
11
Q
American Revolution 1775
A
1783 an eight year war between the 13 colonies and England. George Washington was the leader of the Continental Army. 25,000 american and 10,000 British lost their lives in the war.
12
Q
Acquit
A
To declare innocent of a crime of wrong doing.
13
Q
Boston Tea Party
A
The 1773 protest against British trade policies in which Patriots boarded vessels of the East India Company and threw the tea cargo into Boston Harbor.
14
Q
Executive Branch
A
concerning the branch of government (President and Vice President) that enforces laws.
15
Q
Judicial Branch
A
concerning the branch of government (Supreme Court/Federal Courts) that interprets laws and punishes lawbreakers.
16
Q
Boston Massacre
A
the clash in 1770 between British troops and a group of Bostonians in which five colonists were killed.
17
Q
Amendment one
A
freedom of religion,speech, press, assembly, and petition
18
Q
Amendment two
A
right to bear arms
19
Q
Amendment three
A
quartering of soldier
20
Q
Amendment Four
A
prohibits search and seizure
21
Q
Declaration of Independence
A
the document adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, establishing the United States as a nation independent of great Britain
22
Q
Treaty of Paris (1783)
A
the treaty ending the revolutionary war.
23
Q
issue
A
not an event - is ongoing- has long term effects- is something we can do something about - has two or more sides- If a policy can solve it- It’s not an issue.
24
Q
Uprising
A
an act of instance of rising up. Rebellion
25
Roanoke
site of the first English colony in the America’s started in 1585
26
Colony
a settlement ruled by a distant parent country
27
Constitution
our current framework of government- Executive Branch (president) - Legislative Branch (Congress) - Judicial Branch (Supreme Court) established in 1787
28
Bill of rights
the first ten amendments to the Constitution, guaranteeing the basic rights of American citizens
29
Amendment
A change or a addition to a legal document. This is why the constitution is called “Living Document”. Constitution has 27 amendments
30
Amendment 5
Prohibits trial for a crime except on indictment of a Grand Jury and double jeopardy. Imminent domain ( the government can take your property if you are compensated for the value).
31
Amendment 6
Right to a public and speedy trial by an impartial jury
32
Amendment 7
Right to trial by a jury in civil cases.
33
Amendment 8
Prohibits imposing cruel, unusual punishments and fines, prohibits granting excessive bails.
34
Amendment 9
Assures the recognition of those rights that people may have but are not listed here.
35
Amendment 10
Provides that the powers that are not given to the United States nor prohibited by the constitution are reserved to the states respectively or to the people.
36
Constitutional Convention
The meeting of state delegates in Philadelphia in 1787 that resulted in the writing of the Constitution.
37
New Jersey Plan
a plan, unsuccessfully proposed at the Constitutional Convention, providing for a single legislative house with equal representation for each state.
38
Virginia Plan
a plan, unsuccessfully proposed at the Constitutional Convention, providing for a legislature of two houses with proportional representation in each house and executive and judicial branches to be chosen by the legislature.
39
Federalist
A person who favored the plan of government created by the Constitution.
40
Anti-Federalist
A person who opposed ratification of the Constitution.
41
Frontier Line
The land between civilization and wilderness.
42
Northwest Territory
The land north of the Ohio River & was created into 5 states.
43
Surveyed
To measure land to determine the exact boundaries of a given area. Used for townships
44
Northwest Ordinance
The 1787 law that set forth a plan of government for the townships 36 sq miles at one dollar an acre in the Northwest Territory. Created by Thomas Jefferson. The law banned slavery, gave freedom of religion and trial by jury. 60,000 citizens in territory to apply for statehood.
45
Republicanism
For the country to thrive its citizens need certain virtues. These include a sense of equality, simplicity, and to sacrifice for the public good.
46
Louisiana Purchase
The United States’ purchase from France (Napoleon) in 1803 of land west of the Mississippi. Jefferson purchased all 800,000 square miles for $15 million.
47
Lewis and Clark expeditions
The expeditions from 1804-1806 that explored the Louisiana Territory.
48
Pioneer
They lived in permanent homes on farms and brought civilization to the frontier. Last to enter frontier region.
49
Rendezvous
A meeting or get together agreed on in advance with mountain men in the early 1800’s to support the fur trade.
50
Assimilate
To adopt the dominate culture. (i.e. dress, language & heritage.)
51
South Pass
A low lying area through the Rocky Mountains in that is now Wyoming. Many trails west used this pass to get through the Rocky Mtns. (i.e. Mormon and Oregon Trail)
52
Oregon Trail
The most famous route to the Pacific Northwest from Independence, Missouri to the Columbia River.
53
Oregon Country
The vast region of the Northwest surrounding the Columbia, Snake, and Fraser Rivers claimed by the British.
54
Emigrant
A person who leaves one place for another.
55
Mormonism
A religion founded by Joseph Smith in 1820. After Smith’s death, followers followed Brigham Young to the Rocky Mountains as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS). The term Mormon comes from the Book of Mormon.
56
Adams-Onis Treaty
Signed in 1819, Spain sold Florida to the United States for $5 million.
57
Missouri River
To start the expedition it was the river which Lewis and Clark and other men traveled up in flat bottomed river boats called pirogues.
58
Tributary
A river that flows into a larger river.
59
Zebulon Pike
An army officer who lead an expedition in 1805 to the Southern half of the Louisiana purchase. He was hired to find the head waters of the Red River, but never found it. He never climbed the famous peak in Colorado that bears his name.
60
Sacajawea/Shoshoni Indians
She was a teenage Indian who helped navigate Lewis and Clark as they explored the Louisiana Purchase. This nomadic tribe gave horses to the expedition that was invaluable to the success of the journey to the Pacific Ocean.
61
Mormon Trail
A wagon train led by Brigham Young in 1847 to present day Utah to avoid religious persecution. Known as the “Great Migration"
62
Santa Fe Trail
An international trade route between the U.S.A and Mexico. Pioneered by William Becknell it connected Missouri with Santa Fe Mexico. Americans who used this trail went to Mexico for cheap land and caused tensions that led to Texas independence.
63
Indian Removal Act
The 1830 law that authorized the president to move Eastern Indians to public lands west of the Mississippi.
64
Relocate
To move to another location.
65
Trail of Tears
The forced journey of the Cherokee Indians from their homes in Georgia to the lands in the West in 1838-1839.
66
Andrew Jackson
Our 7th president elected in 1829. Elected as a man of the frontier. He wrote Indian Removal Act. Nicknamed “Old Hickory.”
67
Dawes Act
A federal law that intended to turn turn Native american into farmers and land owners.
68
Carlisle School
Indian boarding school in Penn. 1879- 1918 - Used to assimilate Indians toward the white European culture.
69
Chief Justice John Marshall
A supreme court justice that voted in favor in letting Native Americas stay on native land in Georgia. President Jackson response was “Him and what army”- He refused to listen to the higher court.
70
Oregon Treaty
Polk used the slogan “Fifty-four Forty or Fight” to seal this agreement making the 49th parallel dividing British North America and the United States in 1846.
71
James K. Polk
Our 11th president. He told Congress,” Mexico has invaded our territory and shed American blood upon American soil.”
72
Mexican Cession
The land that Mexico Ceded to the US in 1848 under the terms of the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
73
Gadsen Purchase
The deal from Mexico that got New Mexico and Arizona for $10 million.
74
California Gold Rush
The mass migration in California following the discovery of gold in 1849.
75
Forty-Niner
A person who took part in the California Gold Rush.
76
Boom Town
Town that grows rapidly in population as a result of sudden prosperity. (i.e. San Francisco)
77
Cede
To give up.
78
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
The treaty that ended the Mexican/American war and made the Rio Grande boundary to Texas.
79
Chapultepec
A Mexican military academy in Mexico City that was defended by young Mexicans in the Mexican-American war. Captured by US forces 1847. Last battle in the Mexican American War.
80
The Battle of Goliad
More than 300 of Fannin’s men were gunned down after the Alamo by Santa Anna.
81
Tejano
A Mexican living in Texas in the 1800‘s.
82
Battle of the Alamo
1836 an attack with a mission (a church) in San Antonio by Mexican forces during the Texas revolution. Started over a cannon.
83
Battle of San Jacinto
1836 battle in which Texan force under Santa Anna were defeated by, Sam Houston and lost independence to Texas.
84
Annex
Add to existing country or area.
85
Mexican War
The 1846- 1848 war. Known as Polk’s War. It completed Manifest Destiny.
86
Abolitionist
A person who worked in the movement to do away with slavery. Feelings started in the First Great Awakening in the north.
87
Salem Witch Trials
Trials in 1692 in the COLONY of Salem, Massachusetts that led to 20 peoples’ death after young girls charged people with practicing witchcraft.
88
First Great Awakening
Religious movement in the 13 colonies around 1740. Descibed the agonies of Hell & urged people to go to church and repent their sins. Start of anti-slavery in the north.
89
Conestoga Wagon
A horse pulled covered wagon with wide wheels, curved wagon bed, and an arched canvas top.
90
Mill
A machine that processes materials such as grain. Used water power and were in the north.
91
Cotton Gin
A machine designed to separate seeds from cotton fiber created by Eli Whitney. The machine increased the demand for slaves in the south.
92
Soil Exhaustion
The overuse of fertile soil. Plantations went west as cotton used up the nutrients of the soil.
93
Sectionalism
Loyalty to local interests. One of the issues that divided people was the issue of slavery.
94
Missouri Compromise/Compromise of 1820
Act in 1820 admitting Missouri as a slave state, Maine as a free state, and forbidding slavery north of the 36 30’ line.
95
Popular Sovereignty
The pre civil war policy of allowing the voters in a territory to decide whether or not to allow slavery
96
Kansas-Nebraska Act
The 1854 law creating the territories of Kansas and Nebraska and allowing settlers there to decide whether to permit slavery. POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY. Both pro and anti slavery forces used violence to control people’s votes.
97
Three – Fifths Compromise
Created with the Constitution in 1778 to count FIVE slaves as THREE people for the census in the House of Reps. (CONGRESS) = House of Reps and Senate to create laws in the U.S.
98
Economy
The way people use resources to make a living.
99
Middle Passage
The journey lasting 3 months of slave ships crossing the Atlantic from Africa.
100
Front
The area where two opposing armies meet on a battle field.
101
Triangular Trade
A trade route connecting three different places, such as, English Colonies, England, and Africa. Critical for the slave trade. Many trading companies in the north made large amounts of money selling slaves to the south after the Treaty of Paris.
102
Underground Railroad
Escape routes and hiding places that moved escaped slaves north. Harriet Tubman famous for running safe houses.
103
Dred Scott Case
The 1857 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that slaves were not citizens and that congress couldn’t forbid slavery in the territories. Slavery legal everywhere, no more “Free & Slave” states Slavery was guaranteed by Constitution in the US
104
First Battle Bull Run
The first major battle of the civil war, won by the confederates in 1862.
105
Richmond, Virginia
Capital of the Confederate States of America. The capital was moved to Montgomery, Alabama during the last year of the war
106
Platform
A statement of goals, and principles of a group, especially a political party. (i.e. Abraham Lincoln wants to contain slavery where it exists)
107
Confederate States of America
A nation formed by eleven southern states in 1861. South Carolina was the first to leave Union. This was to be the name of the new country. A new county based on slavery
108
Jefferson Davis
President of the Confederate States of America.
109
Antiseptic
A germ killing drug. Germs first discovered during the war.
110
Anesthetic
A pain killer.
111
Battle of Shiloh
The fierce civil war battle at Pittsburg landing on the Tennessee River, won by the union forces in 1862. A major victory for General Ulysses Grant of the Union Army.
112
Cavalry
Soldiers on horseback. The South had the best cavalry. Jeb Steward (confederate) invented many of the tactics for using horses in warfare.
113
Seven Days’ Battle
A week long battle on Virginia’s York Peninsula in which the confederates forced Union forces to retreat in 1862,
114
Battle of Antietam
A Civil war battle, a military draw but a political victory for the Union, near Sharpsburg, Maryland in 1862. Europe withdrew support to the South.
115
Emancipation Proclamation
The announcement on Jan. 1st, 1863 by President Lincoln that all slaves in Confederate territory would be considered free. He could not free the slaves in the North without changing the Constitution. This required approval from Congress.
116
Draft
A system of choosing people for required military service.
117
Battle of Gettysburg
The greatest single battle of the Civil war, won by Union in Pennsylvania in 1863. Pickett’s charge happened on the third day. The turning point of the entire war, the North will win more than it loses.
118
Battle of Vicksburg
The Union capture of Vicksburg, Mississippi, during the civil war in 1863. Union gains complete control of Mississippi river.
