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Organ Histology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

General functions of epithelium

A
  1. Absorption (bile duct)
  2. Secretion (stomach cells, HCL)
  3. Provide a barrier (all types of epithelium do this)
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2
Q

Specialized functions of Epithelium

A
  1. Transportmoleculesacrossepi.
  2. Preventtransportofmaterialsacrossepi.=selectivepermeability
  3. Sensory(ex.Tastebuds,retinaineye)
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3
Q

Cells are ____________ to each other

A

adjacent

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4
Q

Associated with __________ or __________ basement membrane

A

Complete or Partial

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5
Q

Parts of Complete Basement Membrane

A

A. Basal Lamina- produced by epithelial cells

B. Reticular Lamina- produced by fibroblasts in CT

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6
Q

Part(s) of Partial Basement Membrane

A

Basal Lamina Only

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7
Q

Functions of a basement membrane

A

a. provides a surface for epithelial attachment
b. molecular filter- limited
c. limit stretch- protects

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8
Q

Epithelium is ___________. Cells obtain nutrition by __________.

A

avascular

diffusion

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9
Q

Functions of CT

A
  1. provides nutrition for associated epithelium

2. source of defensive cells

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10
Q

Cells are held together by ____________

A

cell junctions

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11
Q

Zonula Occludens (name)

A

Tight Junctions

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12
Q

Zonula Occludens (tight junctions) involve the sharing of intrinsic membrane proteins between ________ _______.

A

adjacent cells

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13
Q

Zonula Occludens (tight junctions) functions

A
  1. provides strong attachment

2. prevents the passage of material between cells

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14
Q

Zonula Adherens (name)

A

Adhesion Belt

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15
Q

Zonula Adherens (Adhesion Belt) consist of ________ (________) between cells & _______ (________) which attach the cytoskeleton to the cell membrane at these areas

A

cadherins (linkage proteins)

Marginal bands (microfilaments)

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16
Q

Zonula Adherins (Adhesion Belt) functions

A
  1. provides strong attachment

2. provide cell structural stability

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17
Q

Macula Adherens (name)

A

Desmosomes

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18
Q

Macula Adherens (Desmosomes) function

A

Provides strong attachment

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19
Q

Gap Junctions are six ______ (______) arranged in a cylinder.

A

connexins (proteins)

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20
Q

The size of the openings in gap junctions can be controlled _______________.

A

by the cell

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21
Q

Gap Junctions function

A
  1. provides strong attachment

2. Transport materials (purpose: communication) [Primary Function]

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22
Q

Junctional complex = 3 junctions beginning with free cell surface

A
  1. Zonula Occludens
  2. Adhesion Belt- Zonula Adherens
  3. Macula Adherens
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23
Q

What junction type is NOT included in the junctional complex

A

Gap Junctions

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24
Q

Helps to connect epithelial cells to the basal lamina.

A

Hemidesmosomes

essentially half a desmosome

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25
Q

Integrin (a transmembrane protein of the cell membrane) binds to structural CT glycoproteins and also connects to cytoskeleton.

A

Focal Point Contacts

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26
Q

Single Epithelium

A

epithelium that is a single cell thick

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27
Q

Simple squamous- example locations

A

lung, parietal layer of the Bowman’s capsule in the kidney, serosa on the outside of organs

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28
Q

Simple squamous cells are…

A

a single layer of flattened cells

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29
Q

Simple squamous cells- functions

A
  1. provide a barrier

2. living filter

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30
Q

Simple cuboidal- example locations

A

exocrine ducts, thyroid follicular cells, kidney tubules

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31
Q

Simple cuboidal cells are…

A

a single layer of cube shaped cells; nucleus occupies much of the cell cytoplasm; typically looks like a square when sectioned for a slide

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32
Q

Simple cuboidal cells- functions

A
  1. Provide a barrier
  2. Secretion
  3. Absorption
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33
Q

Simple columnar- example locations

A

stomach, small intestines, gallbladder, larger exocrine ducts

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34
Q

Simple columnar cells are…

A

a single layer of cells that have height; more cell cytoplasm than simple cuboidal; typically look rectangular when sectioned for a slide

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35
Q

Simple columnar cells function

A
  1. provide a barrier
  2. secretion
  3. absorption
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36
Q

Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium Example Locations

A

trachea, respieratory region of nasal cavity, bronchi

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37
Q

Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium is…

A

three cell types of various heights so it can have the appearance of a stratified epithelium.

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38
Q

Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium cell types:

A
  1. Goblet cells
  2. Ciliated Columnar cells
  3. Basal Cells
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39
Q

Goblet cells are…

Function

A

modified columnar cell

function: to produce mucus

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40
Q

Ciliated columnar cells are…

Function

A

columnar cells that contain cilia. Cilia are anchored in the apex of the cell by basal bodies.
function: to move mucus over the surface

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41
Q

Basal cells are…

Function

A

short pyramidal shaped cell that does not reach the surface

function: to be the stem cell for this type of epithelium

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42
Q

Microvilli are…

A

finger-like projections at the apical surface on some epithelial cells.

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43
Q

Microvilli are also called:

A

a brushborder or a striated border

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44
Q

Microvilli function

A

to increase surface area so as to increase absorption function

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45
Q

Microvilli example locations

A

kidney tubule cells, small intestines

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46
Q

Stereocilia are…

A

extremely long microvilli; usually fewer present than in microvilli

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47
Q

Are stereocilia related to true cilia

A

NO

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48
Q

Stereocilia function

A

usually to increase surface area

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49
Q

Stereocilia example locations

A

epididymis, cochlear hair cells

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50
Q

Cilia are…

A

thin apical hair-like extensions of the cytoskeleton

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51
Q

Cilia function

A

to move something over a surface

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52
Q

Cells with Cilia have…

A
  1. many mitochondria

2. basal bodies that block the free surface so there is NO secretion or absorption

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53
Q

Cilia example locations

A

trachea, fallopian tubes

54
Q

Glycocalyx is…

A

surface layer of glycoproteins and carbohydrates that covers some epithelium

55
Q

Glycocalyx is produced by:

A

epithelial cells

56
Q

Glycocalyx functions:

A
  1. protective function (particularly in digestive system)

2. cell recognition

57
Q

Glycocalyx example locations

A

stomach and small intestines

58
Q

Stratified epithelium is…

A

Epithelium that is two or more cell layers thick. Named for the shape of its superficial cells.
All have a protective function

59
Q

Stratified squamous example locations

A

esophagus, oral cavity, tongue, vagina

60
Q

Stratified squamous are…

A

multiple layers of cells that tend to flatten out from basal layer to superficial layer; superficial layer of cells are flat and alive.

61
Q

Stratified squamous function

A

protection from abrasion

62
Q

Stratified squamous problems/limitations

A
  1. no protection from drying

2. limited thickness so protection is limited.

63
Q

Keratinized Stratified Squamous example location

A

skin

64
Q

Keratinized Stratified Squamous are…

A

multiple layers of cells that also tend to flatten from basal layer to superficial layer of cells; superficial cell layer is covered by an added nonliving layer of keratin.

65
Q

Keratinized Stratified Squamous function

A

protection in a dry environment

66
Q

Keratinized Stratified Squamous layers in epithelium of skin

A 
Stratum Basale (germinativum)
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Corneum
67
Q

Stratum Basale (Germinativum)

A

1-2 layers of keratinocytes which are mitotic and closest to the dermis

68
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A

multiple layers of “spiny shaped” keratinocytes that produce lipids and keratohyaline vacuoles. Kertinocytes have cytokeratin tonofilaments that radiate outwards from the nuclear region. Thickness of this layer can vary.

69
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A

uppermost 2-5 layers of flattened living keratinocytes that contain flattened, condensed keratohyaline granules. Exocytosis of lipid-filled lamellar granules will occur from these cells.

70
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

thin layer of recently dead or dying keratinocytes present ONLY IN THICK SKIN. This layer is not easy to see. Nucleus & organelles are not present.

71
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

Layer of dead cells, keratin and lipids. Thickness of this layer varies.

72
Q

Stratum Corneum functions

A

a. Prevents water loss
b. Provides a barrier to microbes
c. Protects against abrasion/friction

73
Q

Epidermal pegs (rete ridges) and dermal papillae contribute strength to this epithelium by __________

A

increasing surface area for attachment of the epithelium to the CT below

74
Q

Keratinized stratified squamous cells have a ____ life cycle

A

~28 day

75
Q

Melanocytes (function)

A

protect against UV radiation

76
Q

Melanocytes are found in what layer

A

stratum basale

77
Q

How do melanocytes function

A

Keratinocytes phagocytize the cytoplasmic tips of the melanocytes containing the melanosomes with the melanin

78
Q

Skin color is generally influenced by

A

A. environmental factors
B. Genetics
C. Number of blood vessels in dermis

79
Q

Environmental (melanocyte) influences are:

A

increased UV light exposure: increase melanocytes numbers and increase melanin

80
Q

Genetic (melanocyte) influences are:

A

Eumelanin or Pheomelanin
Placement of melanin
Destruction rate of melanin by lysosomes

81
Q

Langerhans cells (function)

A

recognize forein antigens

82
Q

Langerhans cells found in:

A

Stratum Spinosum

83
Q

Merkel Cells (function)

A

provide touch receptors

84
Q

Merkel Cells found in:

A

Stratum Basale

85
Q

Merkel Cells are assoicated with

A

free nerve endings

86
Q

Melanocyte numbers _______ when exposed to UV light repeatedly

A

increase

87
Q

Langerhans cells ________ with repeated UV exposure

A

decrease

88
Q

Stratified Cuboidal example locations

A

larger ducts in sweat glands and salivary glands

89
Q

Stratified cuboidal are…

A

Two layers of cells.
Basal layer is typically flattened.
Superficial layer of cells is cuboid in shape.
Not common.

90
Q

Stratified cuboidal function

A

to increase protection

91
Q

Stratified columnar example locations

A

large ducts in pancreas, parts of the male urethra, conjunctiva of the eye.

92
Q

Stratified columnar are…

A

Two layers of cells.
Basal layer is flattened to cuboid in shape.
Superficial layer is columnar in shape.
Very rare.

93
Q

Stratified columnar function…

A
  1. to increase protection

2. to provide a transition between epithelial types

94
Q

Transitional (urinary) [name]

A

Urothelium

95
Q

Transitional (urinary) example locations

A

most of urinary tract

96
Q

Transitional (urinary) are…

A

multiple layers of cells.

97
Q

Transitional (urinary) function

A

protection to stretch

98
Q

Specializations of Transitional (Urinary) epithelium

A
  1. Thin, fenestrated basement membrane
  2. Large, rounded superficial cells
  3. Well-developed zonula occludens (tight junctions)
99
Q

Why are well developed zonula occludens important in Transitional (urinary) epithelium?

A
  1. Need due to fenestrated basement membrane

2. Prevents wastes from seeping between epithelium cells.

100
Q

Unusual Superficial Cell features in Transitional (urinary) epithelium:

A

some bi-nucleate cells

101
Q

Urothelium cells obtain more oxygen because:

A
  1. Fenestrated basement membrane

2. when stretched, the diffusion distance is decreased

102
Q

Psoriasis Vulgaris appearance

A

patchy skin lesions

103
Q 
Psoriasis Vulgaris 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ life cycle ~ 1 week
Cells accumulate in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Inflammation in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is unknown
A

Accelerated kertinocyte
stratum corneum
dermal papillae
cyclic and etiology

104
Q

Freckles are due to:

A

an increase in melanin without an increase in melanocyte numbers

105
Q

Vitiligo appearance

A

patches which lack melanocytes

106
Q

Vitiligo cause:

A

unknown. Often associated with systemic diseases

i. e. hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, diabetes, Addison’s disease, pernicious anemia, leprosy

107
Q

Moles (naevi) appearance and cause

A

discoloration due to a proliferation of melanocytes

108
Q

Malignant Melanoma: description and treatment

A

Melanocytes become mitotically active and invade dermis, very invasive and metastatic
treatment: surgery and chemotherapy

109
Q

Albinism: cause

A

melanocytes fail to produce melanin

110
Q

Albinism: most common form

A

Tyrosinase (enzyme) is missing form melanocytes. Tyrosinase is a catalyst in the conversion of tyrosine to melanin.

111
Q

2 subcategories of epithelial glands

A

Endocrine & Exocrine

112
Q

Exocrine secretion: definition

A

method of secretion by which the product is released into a duct or directly onto an epithelial surface

113
Q

What is parenchyma?

A

components directly involved with a primary function

114
Q

What is stroma?

A

components providing mechanical/metabolic support

115
Q

Morphology: methodology

A

This method classifies the gland according to the shape of secretory units and the ducts arrangements

116
Q

Morphology: example

A

compound branched tubular gland
secretory units: tubular vs acinar (alveolar)
duct arrangment: unbranched vs branched

117
Q

Method of Secretion:

Merocrine (eccrine): examples

A

goblet cell, salivary glands, pancreas, all sweat glands in children, many adult sweat glands.

118
Q

Method of Secretion:
Merocrine (eccrine):
_________ method of secretion
Secretion by exocytosis therefore:

A

Most common

No cell damage, no cell cytoplasm or membranes in the secretory product, no odor associated

119
Q

Method of Secretion:

Holocrine: examples

A

sebaceous glands, tarsal (meibomian) glands of eyelid

120
Q 
Method of Secretion:
Holocrine:
Cell matures and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Secretory product = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Associated with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

cell matures and dies
secretory product = some cytoplasm & membrane + intact vacuoles
associated with odor

121
Q

Product secreted:

Acinus

A

smallest division of a gland; a group of cells surrounding a cavity

122
Q

Product secreted:

Serous Demilune

A

a small group of serous cells attached to a mucus acinus

123
Q

Product secreted:

Myoepithelial Cells

A

contractile cells with epithelial origin. These cells warp around the acini and sometimes the ducts in some exocrine glands.

124
Q

Product secreted:
Myoepithelial cells
Found in:

A

Salivary glands and sweat glands
lacrimal glands
Lactating mammary glands

125
Q

Product secreted:
Myoepithelial Cells
Function:

A

Assist secretion

126
Q

Serous Glands
Produce:
Examples:

A

produce proteins

ex. pancreas, parotid gland, chief cells in stomach

127
Q

Serous Glands

Characteristics:

A

cell is trapezoid shaped
Nucleus is typically round and noticeable
cells pick up stain

128
Q

Mucus Glands
Produce:
Examples:

A

produce mucus

Examples. Goblet cells, mucus cells in stomach, minor salivary glands in tongue and palate

129
Q

Mucus Glands

Characteristics:

A

Cells typically stain light

Nucleus is often flat and peripheral

130
Q

Mixed Glands
Produce:
Example:

A

produce serous & mucus

Sublingual and submandibular salivary glands

131
Q

Mixed Glands

Characteristics:

A

Serous demilunes are possible

132
Q

Exocrine Regulation: how

A

Myoepithelial cells
Hormones
Blood Supply

Organ Histology (3 decks)

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