Chapter 1 Flashcards
What is motor control?
The ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms essential to movement
What does motor control study?
The nature of movement and how movement is controlled
What factors affect the control of movement?
Who? (the individual)
What? (the task)
Where? (the environment)
What are the individual factors?
Action, perception, cognition
What is perception?
The integration of sensory input into meaningful information
What are the 3 types of information included in perception?
Proprioception, mass of the object, vision
What is cognition?
An essential element of movement to achieve a specific goal or intent
What elements are included in cognition?
Attention, emotional aspects, motivation, planning, problem solving
Why are tasks important in recovery?
Therapeutic strategies can help patients relearn functional tasks, which are essential to maximizing the recovery of function
What are the categories of tasks?
Mobility, stability, and manipulation
What tasks require mobility?
ADLs, Bed mobility, transfers
What is the difference between basic and instrumental ADLs?
Basic are those that are absolutely necessary for daily life (eating, dressing) instrumental are additive to make life more enjoyable (shopping, transportation)
Which tasks are included with a nonmoving BOS? A moving BOS?
Nonmoving = stability Moving = mobility
The presence of manipulation during a task increases the need for ________.
Stability
What are the types of movement variability?
Open or closed movement tasks
What are open movement tasks?
Individuals must adapt their performance within a constantly changing and unpredictable environment
What are closed movement tasks?
Relatively stereotyped, showing little variability, and performed in relatively fixed or predictable situations
What are the two types of environments that shape movement?
Regulatory and nonregulatory
What is the effect of a regulatory environment on movement?
It shapes the movement, example: type of floor surface
What is the effect of a non-regulatory environment on movement?
May influence performance but movement does not have to be dictated by these features, example: distraction while driving
What are the 2 general guidelines for designing a treatment program?
1) Build from simple to more complex (ex. closed to open, stability to mobility)
2) Practice under conditions the skill will be performed
What is the theory of motor control?
A group of abstract ideas about the control of movement. They describe viewpoints regarding how movement is controlled.
What are the values of the theories of motor control?
1) Provide a framework for assumption and interpretation of behavior.
2) Provide guidelines for clinical practice.
3) They are dynamic and changing to reflect knowledge evolving from new ideas.
4) Hypothesis-driven model allows for examination and development of intervention.
Who/when developed the Reflex Theory?
Sir Charles Sherrington in the early 1900’s
What is the Reflex Theory?
Reflexes were the basis for all movement which could be explained by the combined action of individual reflexes chained together
What is the clinical implication of the Reflex Theory?
Facilitate good reflex and inhibit not good ones
What are the limitations of the Reflex Theory?
- volitional motion requires no stimulus
- cannot explain novel movements
Who describes the Hierarchical Theory?
Hughlings Jackson
What is the Hierarchical Theory?
Movement is controlled in a top-down manner. Reflexes are dominant when higher centers are damaged.
What are examples of the Hierarchical Theory in PT?
Neurofacilitation to inhibit spasticity
What are the limitations of the Hierarchical Theory?
- touching a hot stove causes you to withdrawl the limb, which uses the lowest hierarchy dominating motor function
- the central pattern generator (mediated spinally) does not necessarily require control from the top level
Explain the Modified Concept of the Hierarchical Theory
Each level of the nervous system can act on other levels (higher and lower) depending on the task
What is the Motor Programming Theory?
More flexible than the reflex theory, can be activated by sensory inputs or central motor pattern. Explores physiology of pro-action in the CNS rather than solely re-action.
What is the application of the Motor Programming Theory?
Allows PT to focus on retraining movement important to functional tasks, not just on specific muscle groups in isolation
What is the limitation of the Motor Programming Theory?
Doesn’t consider the interaction of motor function with musculoskeletal/environmental variables in achieving movement control.
Who/when invented the Systems/Dynamic Systems Theory?
Nicolai Bernstein in the 1960’s
What is the Systems/Dynamic Systems Theory?
Explains the control of movement beyond the CNS by incorporating multiple systems (both internal and external). Many joints and muscles are to be controlled to achieve coordinated and synergistic movements.
What systems are involved in the Systems/Dynamic Systems Theory?
- Regulation Systems
- Environmental Systems
- Commanding Systems
- Musculoskeletal Systems
- Sensorimotor Systems
- Comparing Systems
What is the best way for someone to become adaptive to unpredictable and environmental challenges?
Using the optimal amount of variability in motor performance
What is the application of the Dynamic Systems Theory?
- it is valuable in learning a new task and relearning tasks due to injury
- intervention should focus on “variable practice” with different conditions
What is the limitation of the Dynamic Systems Theory?
It overemphasizes the body mechanics, and underestimates the role of the CNS
What is the Ecological Theory?
Movement is controlled by the information in our environment that is detected by our motor systems. The info is effectively integrated to perform goal-oriented actions.
