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Biology 1M03 > Chapter 1, 24, 25, 26, & 27 > Flashcards

Chapter 1, 24, 25, 26, & 27 Flashcards

1
Q

Organisms

A

5 requirements:

  1. Energy
  2. Cells
  3. Information
  4. Replication
  5. Evolution
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2
Q

Theory

A

A proposed explanation for a broad class of phenomena or observations.

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3
Q

Cell theory

A

The theory that all organisms are made of cells and that all cells come from pre-existing cells.

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4
Q

Hypothesis

A

A proposed explanation for a phenomenon or for a set of observations.

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5
Q

Prediction

A

A measurable or observable result of an experiment based on a particular hypothesis. A correct prediction provides support for the hypothesis being tested.

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6
Q

Evolution

A

(1) The theory that all organisms on Earth are related by common ancestry and that they have changed over time, predominantly via natural selection. (2) Any change in the genetic characteristics of a population over time, especially a change in allele frequencies.

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7
Q

Natural Selection

A

The process by which individuals with certain heritable traits tend to produce more surviving offspring than do individuals without those traits, often leading to a change in the genetic makeup of the population. A major mechanism of evolution.

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8
Q

Heritable

A

Referring to traits that can be transmitted from one generation to the next.

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9
Q

Population

A

A group of individuals of the same species living in the same geographic area at the same time.

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10
Q

Fitness

A

The ability of an individual to produce viable offspring relative to others of the same species.

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11
Q

Adaptation

A

Any heritable trait that increases the fitness of an individual with that trait, compared with individuals without that trait, in a particular environment.

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12
Q

Speciation

A

The evolution of two or more distinct species from a single ancestral species.

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13
Q

Phylogeny

A

The evolution history of a group of organisms.

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14
Q

Phylogenetic trees

A

A diagram that depicts the evolutionary history of a group of species and the relationships among them.

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15
Q

Taxonomy

A

The branch of biology concerned with the classification and naming or organisms.

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16
Q

Taxon

A

Any named group of organisms at any level of a classification system.

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17
Q

Domain

A

(1) A section of a protein that has a distinctive tertiary structure and function. (2) A taxonomic category, based on similarities in basic cellular biochemistry, above the kingdom level. The three recognized domains are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

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18
Q

Phylum

A

In Linnaeus’s system, a taxonomic category above the class level and below the kingdom level. In plants, sometimes called a division.

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19
Q

Genus

A

In Linnaeus’s system, a taxonomic category of closely related species. A genus name is always italicized and capitalized to indicate that it is a recognized scientific genus.

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20
Q

Null hypothesis

A

A hypothesis that specifies what the results of an experiment will be if the main hypothesis being tested is wrong. Often states that there will be no difference between experimental groups.

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21
Q

Population thinking

A

The ability to analyze trait frequencies, event probabilities, and other attributes of populations of molecules, cells, or organisms.

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22
Q

Transitional features

A

A trait that is intermediate between a condition observed in ancestral species and the condition observed in more derived species.

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23
Q

Vestigial traits

A

Any rudimentary structure of unknown or minimal function that is homologous to functioning structures in other species. Vestigial traits are thought to reflect evolutionary history.

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24
Q

Genetic homology

A

Similarities in DNA sequences or amino acid sequences that are due to inheritance from a common ancestor.

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25
Developmental homology
A similarity in embryonic form or in the fate of embryonic tissues that is due to inheritance form a common ancestor.
26
Structural homology
Similarities in organismal structures (ex. limbs, shells, flowers) that are due to inheritance from a common ancestor.
27
Acclimation
Gradual physiological adjustment of an organism to new environmental conditions that occur naturally or as part of a laboratory experiment.
28
Genetic correlation
A type of evolutionary constraint in which selection on the trait causes a change in another trait as well; may occur when the same gene(s) affect both traits.
29
Gene pool
All of the alleles of all of the genes in a certain population.
30
Hardy-Weinberg Principle
A principle of population genetics stating that genotype frequencies in a large population do not change from generation to generation in the absence of evolutionary processes (ex. mutation, migration, genetic drift, random mating, and selection).
31
Genetic variation
(1) The number and relative frequency of alleles present in a particular population. (2) The proportion of phenotypic variation in a trait that is due to genetic rather than environmental influences in a certain population in a certain environment.
32
Directional selection
A pattern of natural selection that favours one extreme phenotype with the result that the average phenotype of a population changes in one direction. Generally reduces overall genetic variation in a population.
33
Purifying selecion
Selection that lowers the frequency or even eliminates deleterious alleles.
34
Stabilizing selection
A pattern of natural selection that favours phenotypes near the middle of the range of phenotypic variation. Reduces overall genetic variation in a population. (Compare with disruptive selection)
35
Heterozygote advantage
A pattern of natural selection that favours heterozygous individuals compared with homozygotes. Tends to maintain genetic variation in a population. Also called heterzygote superiority.
36
Balancing selection
A pattern of natural selection in which no single allele is favoured in all populations of a species at all times. Instead, there is a balance among alleles in terms of fitness and frequency.
37
Genetic drift
Any change in allele frequencies due to random events. Causes allele frequencies to drift up and down randomly over time, and eventually can lead to the fixation or loss of alleles.
38
Sampling error
The accidental selection of a non-representative sample from some larger population, due to chance.
39
Founder effect
A change in allele frequencies that often occurs when a new population is established from a small group of individuals (founder event) due to sampling error (i.e. the small group is not a representative sample of the source population).
40
Genetic bottleneck
A reduction in allelic diversity resulting from a sudden reduction in the size of a large population (population bottleneck) due to a random event.
41
Gene flow
The movement of alleles between populations; occurs when individuals leave one population, join another, and breed.
42
Inbreeding
Mating between closely related individuals. Increases homozygosity of a population and often leads to a decline in the average fitness (inbreeding depression)
43
Inbreeding depression
In inbred offspring, fitness declines due to deleterious recessive alleles that are homozygous.
44
Assortative mating
Mating that is nonrandom with respect to specific traits. In positive assortment, individuals choose mates that share a particular phenotypic trait with them. In negative assortment, individuals chose mates that differ in a specific phenotypic trait.
45
Sexual selection
A pattern of natural selection that favours individuals with traits that increase their ability to obtain mates. Acts more strongly on males than females.
46
Sexual dimorphism
Any trait that differs between males and females.
47
Biological species concept
The definition of a species as a population or group of populations that are reproductively isolated from other groups. Members of a species have the potential to interbreed in nature to produce viable, fertile hybrid offspring but cannot produce viable, fertile hybrid offspring with members of other species. (Compare with ecological, morphological, and phylogenetic species concept).
48
Prezygotic isolation
Reproductive isolation resulting from any one of several mechanisms that prevent individuals of two different species from mating.
49
Postzygotic isolation
Reproductive isolation resulting from mechanisms that operate after mating of individuals of two different species occurs. The most common mechanisms are the death of hybrid embryos or reduced fitness of hybrids.
50
Morophological species concept
The definition of a species as a population or group of populations that have measurable different anatomical features from other groups. Also called morphospecies concept. (Compare with biological, ecological, and phylogenetic species concept)
51
Cryptic species
A species that cannot be distinguished from other species by easily identifiable morphological traits.
52
Ecological species concept
The definition of a species as a set of organisms exploiting a single set of resources, having the same range of environmental tolerances, and facing the same predators and parasites. (Compare with biological, morphological, and phylogenetic species concept)
53
Phylogenetic species concept
The definition of a species as the smallest monophyletic groups in a phylogenetic tree. (Compare with biological, ecological, and morphological species concept)
54
Monophyletic group
An evolutionary unit that includes an ancestral population and all of its descendants but no others. Also called a clade or linage. (Compare with paraphyletic group)
55
Synapomorphies
A shared, derived trait found in two or more taxa that is present in their most recent common ancestor but is missing in more distant ancestors. Useful for inferring evolutionary relationships.
56
Vicariance
The physical splitting of a population into smaller, isolated populations by geographic barrier.
57
Allopatric speciation
The divergence of populations into different species by physical isolation of populations in different geographic areas. (Compare with sympatric speciation)
58
Allopatry
Condition in which two or more populations live in different geographic areas. (Compare with sympatry)
59
Sympatry
Condition in which two or more populations live in the same geographic area or close enough to permit interbreeding. (Compare with allopatry)
60
Sympatric speciation
The divergence of populations living within the same geographic area into different species as the result of their genetic (not physical) isolation. (Compare with allopatric speciation)
61
Autopolyploid
An organism with more than two full sets of chromosomes (a polyploid) due to a mutation that doubled the chromosome number. (Compare with allopolyploid and polyploid)
62
Allopolyploid
An organism with more than two full sets of chromosomes (a polyploid) due to hybridization between different but similar species. (Compare with autopolyploid and polyploid)
63
Hybrid zone
A geographic area where interbreeding occurs between two species, sometimes producing fertile hybrid offspring.
64
Phenetic approach
A method for constructing a phylogenetic tree by computing a statistic that summarizes the overall similarity among populations, based on the available data. (Compare with cladistic approach)
65
Cladistic approach
A method for constructing a phylogenetic tree that is based on identifying the unique traits of each monophyletic group. (Compare with phenetic approach)
66
Derived trait
A trait that is clearly homologous with a trait found in an ancestor but that has a new form.
67
Homoplasy
Similarity among organisms of different species due to convergent evolution. (Compare with homology)
68
Convergent evolution
The independent evolution of analogous traits in distantly related organisms due to adaptation to similar environments and a similar way of life.
69
Parsimony
The logical principle that the most likely explanation of a phenomenon is the most economical or simplest. When applies to comparison of alternative phylogenetic trees, it suggests that the one requiring the fewest evolutionary changes is most likely to be correct.
70
Paleozoic era
"Ancient life"
71
Mesozoic era
"Middle life"
72
Cenozoic era
"Recent life"
73
Adaptive radiation
Rapid evolutionary diversification within one lineage, producing numerous descendant species with a wide range of adaptive forms.
74
Cambrian explosion
The rapid diversification of animal body types and lineages that occurred between the species present in he Ediacaran faunas (565-542 mya) and the Cambrian faunas (525-515 mya)
75
Mass extinction
The extinction of a large number of diverse evolutionary groups during a relatively short period of geologic time (about 1 million years). May occur due to sudden and extraordinary environmental changes. (Compare with background extinction)
76
Background extinction
The average rate of low-level extinction that has occurred continuously throughout much of evolutionary history. (Compare with mass extinction)
77
Impact hypothesis
The hypothesis that a collision between Earth and an asteroid caused the mass extinction of the K-P boundary, 65 million years ago.

Biology 1M03 (1 decks)

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