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Principles Of Foam Fire Fighting > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

POFF Pg62

What are the most common foam concentrate storage methods?

A

pails - 5 gallon

barrels - 55gallon drum

intermediate bulk containers (tote containers) -
250-450gallons

foam tenders - 1500-8000gallons

apparatus tanks

fixed fire-suppression system tanks

on-site storage tanks - 3000gallons

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2
Q

POFF Pg60

What are the four basic methods by which foam may be proportioned?

A

eduction (induction)

injection

batch mixing

premixing

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3
Q

POFF Pg60

However under certain circumstances, 3% foam concentrates can be mixed at 6%, know as ___________.

A

doubling up

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4
Q

POFF Pg59

A number of draw backs exist to the use of emulsifiers, what are they?

A

1) used with fuels that are 1” or less in depth
2) once mixed in fuel, fuel is unsalvageable
3) does not work effectively with water soluble or water miscible fuels
4) negative effect on fish/aquatic life

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5
Q

POFF Pg59

Emulsifier is designed to __________ with the fuel.

A

mix with fuel, breaking it into small droplets and encapsulating them.

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6
Q 
POFF Pg59
Emulsifiers are a type of foam concentrate that are intended for use with which class of fires?
A

class a or class b

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7
Q

POFF Pg58

High-expansion foam concentrate has the following characteristics:

A

stores at temperatures ranging from 35 to 120degrees F

not affected by freezing and thawing

poor heat resistance because the air-to-water ration is very high

Expansion ration of (high) 200:1 to 1,000:1
(med) 20:1 to 200:1

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8
Q

POFF Pg58

High expansion foam concentrates have three basic applications:

A

concealed spaces such s shipboard compartments, basements, coalmines, and other subterranean spaces.

fixed-extinguishing systems for specific industrial uses such as rolled or bulk paper storage

Class A fire applications, slow draining

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9
Q

POFF Pg57

Vapor-mitigating foam concentrates are designed solely for use on ___________.

A

unignited spills of hazardous liquids

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10
Q

POFF Pg57

When alcohol-resistant AFFF concentrates are applied to polar solvent fuels, they create a ___________.

A

the membrane separates the water in the foam blanket from the attack of the solvent.

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11
Q

POFF Pg56

Aqueous Film Forming Foam has the following characteristics:

A

available in 1, 3, and 6% concentration

premixable in portable fire extinguishers and apparatus water tanks

stores at temperatures ranging from 25-120degrees F

Freeze-protective with a nonflammable antifreeze solution

good low temp viscosity

suitable for subsurface injection

fair penetrating capabilities in baled storage fuels or high surface tension fuels such as treated wood

compatible with dry chemical extinguishing agents

rather fast draining

film-forming characteristics adversely affected by fuels in excess of 140degrees F

oxygen additives

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12
Q

POFF Pg55
Film Forming Fluoroprotein
Foam alcohol-resistant formulation AR-FFFP including some of the following advantages:

A

multipurpose

storage

premixable

subsurface injection

plunge into fuel

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13
Q

POFF Pg55

Film Forming Fluoroprotein Foam (FFFP) conforms to the following characteristics:

A

available in 3 and 6% concentrations

stores premixed in portable extinguishers and fire apparatus water tank

compatible with simultaneous application of dry-chemical fire-fighting agents

performance not affected by freezing and thawing

use with either freshwater or salt water

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14
Q

POFF Pg54

Fluoroprotein Foam concentrates exhibit the following characteristics

A

available in 3 and 6% concentrations

stores at temperatures ranging from 35 to 120degrees F, however it can be freeze-protected with nonflammable antifreeze solution

performance not affected by freezing and thawing

premixable for short periods of time

maintains rather low viscosity at low temperatures

compatible with simultaneous application

delivered through air aspirating equipment

suitable for use on gasoline that has blended

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15
Q

POFF Pg54

Regular protein foam concentrate conforms to the following characteristics:

A

available in 3 and 6% concentrations

excellent water retention capabilities

high heat resistance

performance can be affected by freezing and thawing

stores at temperature ranging from 35 to 120degrees F

compounded for freeze protection using a nonflammable antifreeze solution

not compatible with dry-chemical extinguishing agents

only used on hydrocarbon fuels

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16
Q 
POFF Pg51
Good class B finished foam must contain the right blend of the following characteristics:
A

water retention

finished foam life

heat resistance

multipurpose use

viscosity

knockdown speed and flow characteristic

fuel resistance

vapor suppression

alcohol resistance

quarter-life

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17
Q

POFF Pg51

How long does it take synthetic foam concentrate to degrade?

A

20 to 40 days

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18
Q 
POFF Pg47
Common guidelines listed for class A foam concentrate proportioning.
A

fire attack and overhaul with standard fog nozzle.
0.2-0.5%

exposure protection w/ standard fog nozzle. 0.5-1%

most operations with a compressed air foam system 0.2-0.5%

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19
Q 
POFF Pg45
The following terms explain the characteristics that affect class A foam:
A

surface tension reduction

expansion

drainage

consistency

retention

viscosity

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20
Q

POFF Pg42

Using foam, a halon substitute, and dry - chemical agents together is commonly referred to as:

A

multi-agent attack

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21
Q

POFF Pg42

What is NFPA 1150

A

standard on fire-fighting foam chemicals for class A fuels in rural, suburban, and vegetated areas (1999)

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22
Q

POFF Pg41

Most modern foam concentrates may be stored for long periods of time in excess of how long?

A

10 years

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23
Q

POFF Pg41

What is NFPA 11?

A

standard for low, medium, and high expansion foam (2002)

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24
Q

POFF Pg40
What is foam concentrate -

what is foam solution -

what is foam propotioner -

what is finished foam -

A

foam concentrate - liquid founding foam storage container before the introduction of water

foam solution - mixture in the proper ration of foam concentrate and water before the introduction of air.

foam proportioner - device that mixes foam concentrate in the proper ratio with water

finished foam - completed product after air is introduced into the foam solution and after it leaves

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25
Q

POFF Pg39

Finished foam extinguishes and prevents fire by the following methods:

A

separating - creates a barrier between the fuel and burning vapors

cooling - lowers the temperature of the fuel and adjacent surfaces

suppressing (or smothering) - prevents the release of additional flammable vapors access to oxygen in the atmosphere. Reduces possibility of reignition.

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26
Q

POFF Pg32
Class B foam concentrates are effective as a ________ and a ___________ on Class B liquids because finished foam can ___________ on their surface.

A

fire-extinguishing agent

vapor suppressant

float on their surface

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27
Q

POFF Pg31
CLass A foam
involving class A materials by reducing what?

A

water’s surface tension

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28
Q

POFF Pg30

While water continues to be the primary weapon against fire, it does have the following limitations or disadvantages:

A

does not provide and effective barrier against reignition

will not adhere to vertical surfaces

has difficulty being absorbed by some materials

may react with some burning materials

may cause water damage to unburned property

may cause a structure to collapse because of water’s weight

may spread burning flammable liquid

may cause pollution by runoff

may create electrocution hazard

freezes

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29
Q

POFF Pg30
At 500degrees F the amount of expansion of water is approximately ___________. At 1,200degrees F is approximately ___________.

A

2,400 times

4,200 times

30
Q

POFF Pg30

At 212degrees F a cubic foot of water expands approximately _________ it’s original volume.

A

1,700 times

31
Q

POFF Pg29

The advantages of water that are extremely valuable for fire extinguishers are:

A

water is readily available and inexpensive

water has a greater heat-absorbing capacity than other common extinguishing agents

a relatively large amount of heat is required to change water into steam, therefore more than heat will be absorbed by a given quantity of water

the greater the surface area of the water exposed the more rapidly heat is absorbed.

32
Q

POFF Pg29

What has been the primary extinguishing agent for fire involving Class A fuels?

A

water

33
Q

POFF Pg28

What is the most common method of cooling?

A

water

34
Q

POFF Pg28

What are the four methods by which a fire can be extinguished?

A

reducing its temperature

eliminating available fuel

excluding oxygen

stopping the uninhibited chemical chain reaction

35
Q

POFF Pg28

What would a Class D fire’s classifications?

A

combustible metals such as aluminum, zirconium, sodium, potassium

36
Q

POFF Pg27

The oil capacities of transformers may range from ___________ large and __________ small

A

20,000 to 25,000 gallons - large

300 to 20,000 gallons - small

37
Q

POFF Pg27

What is a Class C fire classifications?

A

energized electrical equipment such as household electrical appliances, transformers, etc…

38
Q

POFF Pg27

What are Bases?

A

Are corrosive water soluble compounds that react with acids to form salts

39
Q

POFF Pg27

What are acids?

A

are corrosive chemicals that react with water to produce hydrogen ions

40
Q

POFF Pg27

What are Polar Solvent Fluids?

A

are flammable liquids that have an attraction for water and are miscible (they dissolve in water)

41
Q

POFF Pg27

What is a hydrocarbon fuel?

A

are petroleum based organic compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon

42
Q

POFF Pg26

What are Class B fire classifications?

A

Flammable and combustible liquids and gases such as gasoline, oil, natural gas, etc…

43
Q

POFF Pg26

What are Class A fire classifications?

A

ordinary combustible materials such ad wood, cloth, paper, rubber, and any plastics.

44
Q

POFF Pg24

What is a back draft?

A

is an explosive ignition of the gases when air enters the space and mixes with these hot gases.

45
Q

POFF Pg23

What is thermal layering of gases?

A

tendency of gases to form layers according to temperature

46
Q

POFF Pg22

Relative humidity is a measurement of ____________

A

moisture content in both the air and solid fuels in the vicinity of a fire.

47
Q

POFF Pg20

Rollover occurs when?

A

when flames move through or across unburned gases during fire progression

48
Q

POFF Pg19

Flashover temperature can range from __________ to ________ and ignition of carbon monoxide range from _________.

A

900 - 1200degrees F

1128degrees F

49
Q

POFF Pg19

Flashover is ____________.

A

the transition between the growth and the fully developed fire stage, but it’s not a specific event.

50
Q

POFF Pg19

The growth stage continues as long as ___________

A

there is sufficient fuel and oxygen available.

51
Q

POFF Pg18

The ignition stage is ____________

A

the period when the four elements of the fire tetrahedron come together and flaming combustion begins.

52
Q

POFF Pg16

The fire tetrahedron includes ________________

A

fuel, heat, oxidizer, chemical reaction

53
Q

POFF Pg16

Fire burns in the two basic combustion modes :

A

flaming and smoldering

54
Q

POFF Pg16

What are combustible liquids?

A

liquids that must be at temperatures greater than 100degrees F to release flammable vapors

55
Q

POFF Pg15

What is a flammable liquid?

A

liquids that release enough vapors to support combustion temperatures at less than 100degrees F

56
Q

POFF Pg12
Fuel gases evolve from solid fuels by what process process the chemical decomposition of a substance through the action of heat

A

pyrolysis

57
Q

POFF Pg11

Fuel may be found in any of three states of matter :

A

solids

liquids

gases

58
Q

POFF Pg10

How does radiation transfer heat?

A

transmission of energy as an electromagnetic wave without an intervening medium

59
Q

POFF Pg10

How does convection transfer heat?

A

transfer of heat by the movement of heater air or liquid

60
Q

POFF Pg9

How does conduction transfer heat?

A

from one body to another by direct contact of the two bodies

61
Q

POFF Pg8

Heat generated by lightning is ________(what kind) and when discharged at an excess of ____________.

A

static electricity

60,000degrees F

62
Q

POFF Pg8

What is resistance heating?

A

refers to the heat generated by passing an electrical current through a conductor such as a wire or an appliance

63
Q

POFF Pg7

What is heat of solution?

A

it is the heat released by the dissolving (solution) of matter in a liquid

64
Q

POFF Pg6

What is heat of decomposition?

A

it is the release of heat from decomposing (decaying) compounds usually due to bacterial action

65
Q

POFF Pg6

What is spontaneous heating?

A

it its the heating of an organic substance without the addition of external heat

66
Q

POFF Pg6

What is heat of combustion?

A

it is the amount of heat generated by the combustion or oxidation reaction

67
Q

POFF Pg6

What are the four types of chemical reactions?

A

heat of combustion

spontaneous heating

heat of decomposition

heat of solution

68
Q

POFF Pg5

Very slow oxidation is commonly known as:

A

rusting or decomposition

69
Q

POFF Pg5

Normal oxygen content of air is __________ and nitrogen and composed of trace amounts of elements.

A

21% oxygen

78% nitrogen

1% elements

70
Q

POFF Pg5

What most commonly oxidizes fuels?

A

the oxygen in air

71
Q

POFF Pg5

What is combustion?

A

the self-sustaining process of rapid oxidation (chemical reaction) of a fuel, which produces heat and light

Principles Of Foam Fire Fighting (2 decks)

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