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PSY201 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

a set of mathematical procedures for organizing, summarizing, and interpreting information

A

statistics

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2
Q

the set of all the individuals of interest in a particular study

A

population

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3
Q

a set of individuals selected from a population, usually intended to represent the population in a research study

A

sample

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4
Q

a characteristic or condition that changes or has different values for different individuals

A

variable

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5
Q

measurements or observations

A

data (plural)

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6
Q

a collection of measurements or observations

A

data set

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7
Q

a single measurement or observation and is commonly called a score or raw score

A

datum (singular)

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8
Q

is a value, usually a numerical value, that describes a population, is usually derived from measurements of the individuals in the population

A

parameter

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9
Q

a value, usually a numerical value, that describes a sample, usually derived from measurements of the individuals in the sample

A

a statistic

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10
Q

statistical procedures used to summarize, organize, and simplify data

A

descriptive statistics

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11
Q

consist of techniques that allow us to study samples and then make generalizations about the populations from which they were selected

A

inferential statistics

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12
Q

the naturally occurring discrepancy, or error, that exists between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter

A

sampling error

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13
Q

two different variables are observed to determine whether there is a relationship between them

A

the correlational method

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14
Q

the researcher manipulates one variable by changing its value from one level to another

A

manipulation

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15
Q

the researcher must exercise control over the research situation to ensure that other, extraneous variables do not influence the relationship being examined

A

control

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16
Q

characteristics such as age, gender, and intelligence that vary from one individual to another

A

participant variables

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17
Q

characteristics of the environment such as lighting, time of day, and weather conditions

A

environmental variables

18
Q

one variable is manipulated while another variable is observed and measured — to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between the two variables, an experiment attempts to control all other variables to prevent them from influencing the results

A

the experimental method

19
Q

the variable that is manipulated by the researcher; in behavioral research, it usually consists of the two (or more) treatment conditions to which subjects are exposed and the antecedent conditions that were manipulated prior to observing the dependent variable

A

independent variable

20
Q

the variable that is observed to assess the effect of the treatment

A

dependent variable

21
Q

individuals do not receive the experimental treatment; instead, they either receive no treatment or they receive a neutral, placebo treatment — the purpose of this is to provide a baseline for comparison with the experimental condition

A

control condition

22
Q

individuals in this condition do receive the experimental treatment

A

experimental condition

23
Q

in a nonexperimental study, the “independent variable” that is used to create the different groups of scores

A

quasi-independent variable

24
Q

the relationship between the two variables is usually measured and described using a statistic called a…

A

correlation

25
Q

What two elements are necessary for a research study to be an experiment?

A
  1. the researcher must manipulate one of the two variables being studied
  2. all other variables that might influence the results must be controlled
26
Q

internal attributes or characteristics that cannot be directly observed but are useful for describing and explaining behavior

A

constructs

27
Q

identifies a measurement procedure (a set of operations) for measuring an external behavior and uses the resulting measurements as a definition and a measurement of a hypothetical construct

A

operational definition

28
Q

What are the two components of an operational definition?

A
  1. it describes a set of operations for measuring a construct
  2. it defines the construct in terms of the resulting measurements
29
Q

consists of separate, indivisible categories — no values can exist between two neighboring categories

A

discrete variable

30
Q

there are an infinite number of possible values that fall between any two observed values; is divisible into an infinite number of fractional parts

A

continuous variable

31
Q

the boundaries of intervals for scores that are represented on a continuous number line; located exactly halfway between the scores

A

real limits

Each score has two real limits. The upper real limit is at the top of the interval, and the lower real limit is at the bottom.

32
Q

consists of a set of categories that have different names; measurements label and categorize observations, but do not make any quantitative distinctions between observations

A

nominal scale

33
Q

consists of a set of categories that are organized in an ordered sequence; rank observations in terms of size or magnitude

A

ordinal scale

34
Q

consists of ordered categories that are all intervals of exactly the same size. Equal differences between numbers on a scale reflect equal differences in magnitude. However, the zero point on an interval scale is arbitrary and does not indicate a zero amount of the variable being measured.

A

interval scale

35
Q

an interval scale with the additional feature of an absolute zero point; ratios of numbers do reflect ratios of magnitude

A

ratio scale

36
Q

When measuring height to the nearest inch, what are the real limits for a score of 68 inches?

A

67.5 and 68.5

37
Q

When measuring height to the nearest half inch, what are the real limits for a score of 68 inches?

A

67.75 and 68.25

38
Q

is used to specify how many scores are in a set

A

N

39
Q

upper case N

A

number of scores in a population

40
Q

lower case N

A

number of scores in a sample

41
Q

ΣX

A

sum of the scores

42
Q

variables like intelligence, anxiety, and hunger

A

constructs (or hypothetical constructs)

PSY201 (5 decks)

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