Chapter 1

Question 1

When shown images of thin models, how do women rate their body satisfaction?

Answer 1

Women were more likely to have lowers body satisfaction, feelings of self-worth, and be more concerned with the opinions of others.

Question 2

Were japanese or euro-canadians more likely to describe themselves using mostly positive traits?

Answer 2

Euro Canadians. Japanese had a very equal number of positve and negative traits.

Question 3

What are self-reports

Answer 3

answers to questions that measure a single conceptual variable. The Rosenberg self-esteem scale is the most common. Self reports are affected by how the question is worded and the order or context in which they are asked. These reports can be inaccurate if they ask about things that happened in the past.

Question 4

What is the bogus pipeline?

Answer 4

Participants who believe that their responses will be evaluated by a lie detector answer more accurrately and agree with things that would be seen as socially unacceptable.

Question 5

What is correlational research?

Answer 5

Research designed to measure the relationship between variables that are not manipulated by the researcher.

Question 6

What is the correlational coefficient?

Answer 6

A statistical measure of the strength and direction of the associated between two variables.

Question 7

What are concurrent correlations?

Answer 7

ones that happen at the same time

Question 8

prospective correlation

Answer 8

Ones attained from the same individual at different times.

Question 9

What are the two essential characteristics of a psych experiment

Answer 9

The researcher has control, and the participants are randomly assigned.

Question 10

What is the difference between random assignment and random sampling?

Answer 10

Random sampling concerns how people are selected to be in a study. Random assignment is how participants get assigned to different groups.

Question 11

What is the relationship between moods and culture?

Answer 11

Western cultures choose the uncommon pen colour, while east asians take the majority pen colour. Being in a positive mood can make individuals act in a way that is inconsistent with their cultural norms.

Question 12

What is internal validitiy

Answer 12

The degree to which there can be reasonable certainty that the independent variblaes in an experiment caused the effects on the dependent variable. Experiments use control groups for this purpose.

Question 13

What is the experimenter expectancy effect?

Answer 13

The effects produced when the way an experimenter’s expectations influence the participant’s responses. Double blind studies are used to reduce or eliminate this effect.

Question 14

What is external validity

Answer 14

The degree to which there can reasonable confidence that the result of a study would be obtained for other people in other situations.

Question 15

What is mundane realism?

Answer 15

The degree to which the experimental situation resembles real life.

Question 16

basic research

Answer 16

Increase the understanding of human behaviour.

Question 17

applied research

Answer 17

Increase understanding of real world events and help solve social problems.

Question 18

self concept

Answer 18

The sum total of an individuals beliefs about his own personal attitudes. The self-concept is made up of self-schema.

Question 19

self schema

Answer 19

A belief that people hold about themselves that guides the processing of self-relevant info.

Question 20

How did researchers test if animals could recognize themselves?

Answer 20

They would paint a red dot on to animals foreheads and see if the animals would notice it in a mirror.

Question 21

affective forecasting?

Answer 21

predicting how well feel in the future

Question 22

self perception theory

Answer 22

The theory that when internal cues are hard to understand people gain insight by observing their own behaviseour.

Question 23

facial feedback

Answer 23

The hypothesis that changes in facial expression can lead to corresponding changes in emotion. If you smile a lot, youll be happy.

Question 24

overjustification

Answer 24

The tendency for intrisinc motivation to diminish for activities that have become associated with reward or other extrinsic factors. When people get paid to do something they like, they lose interest in it. Not receiving an award or getting an unexpected award does not diminish interest.

Question 25

social comparison

Answer 25

The theory that people evaluate their own abilities and opinions by comparing themselves to others. When told they had a mark twenty percent above average at 40 or 20 percent below at 60, people prefered the low score but being above average.

Question 26

2 factor theory of emotion

Answer 26

Experience of emotion is based on physiological arousal and a cognitive interpretation of that arousal.

Question 27

People revise their past to suit their current self image. People are more likely to inflate their past.

Answer 27

as

Question 28

independent view of the self

Answer 28

Distinct, autonomous, and self contained. Western people are more likely to be independent. People are more likely to chose a unique figure in a picture.

Question 29

who scores highest on self esteem tests

Answer 29

blacks

Question 30

self discrepancy?

Answer 30

mismatch between how we see ourselves and how we want to see ourselves

Question 31

What is self-awareness theory?

Answer 31

Self-focused attention leads people to notice self discrepancies thereby motivating either an escape from self-awareness or a change in behaviour.

Question 32

private self-consciousness

Answer 32

A personality characteristic of individuals who are introspective often attending to their own inner states.

Question 33

public self-consciousness

Answer 33

Focusing on yourself as a social object.

Question 34

Self control as a limited inner resource

Answer 34

people shown an upsetting film and told to amplify or inhibit their emotions lost their willpower on a handgrip quicker than those who were given no instructions.

Question 35

ironic processes

Answer 35

Ironic processes are the harder you try to control a thought, feeling or behaviour, the less likely you are to succeed.

Question 36

implicit egotism

Answer 36

A nonconscious form of self enhancement. We form positive associations to the sight and sound of our own name and are drawn to other people places and things thatshare this most personal aspect of self.

Question 37

Self-serving cognitions:

Answer 37

people take credit for successes and distance themselves from failures.
Self-handicapping: behaviours designed to sabotage ones own performance in order to provide subsequent excuse for failures

Question 38

basking in reflected glory

Answer 38

Increasing self esteem by associating ourselfs with others who are successful

Question 39

downward social comparison

Answer 39

The defensive tendency to compare ourselves with others who are worse off than we are. Comparing ourselves to people who are worse than us makes us feel good.

Question 40

self presentation

Answer 40

Strategies that people use to shape what others think of them. The first goal is ingratiation, the other is self-promotion (ie getting ahead). Self verification is also important – getting people to see us as we see ourselves.

Question 41

self monitoring

Answer 41

The tendency to change behaviour in response to the self-presentation concerns of the situation. People who have high self monitoring have lots of selfs to show to other people. Self-monitoring drops with age.

Question 42

social perception

Answer 42

A general term for the processes by which people cmoe to understand one another. This is done fast, as people exposed to a picture for only a fraction of a section have the same impression as those people who see the same picture for as long as they want.

Question 43

mind perception

Answer 43

the process by which people attribute humanlike mental states to various anumate and inanimate objects, including other people.

Question 44

how good are people at IDing emotions

Answer 44

People are able to recognize the primary expressions of other people all over the world, but people are 9% more accurate at judging faces from their own in group.

Question 45

how good are people at judging truth

Answer 45

People are only about 54% accurate in judging truth and deception, and even the best trained people are accurate 64% of the time.

Question 46

attribution theory

Answer 46

a group of theories that describe how people explain the causes of behaviour.

Question 47

personal attr

Answer 47

attribution to internal characteristics of an actor, such as ability, personality, mood or effort.

Question 48

sit. attr

Answer 48

attribution to factors external to an actor, such as the task, other people, or luck.

Question 49

Jones’s correspondence inference theory:

Answer 49

people try to infer from an action if that person is like that action (an aggressive act = aggressive person). 3 factors: choice, expectedness of the behaviour, effects or consequences.
When people read an essay that was supposed to have been forced onto the student, they still felt that the student believed in that position.

Question 50

Kelly’s covariation theory:

Answer 50

how people discern an individual’s personal characteristic from a slice of behavioural evidence. This info is achieved by looking at consensus, distinctiveness, consistency.

Question 51

covariation principle

Answer 51

a principle of attribution theory holding that people attribute behaviour to factors that are present when a behaviour occurs and absent when it does not.

Question 52

Availability heuristic

Answer 52

the tendency to estimate the likelihood that an event will occur by how easily instances of it come to mind.

Question 53

False-consensus effect:

Answer 53

the tendency for people to overestimate the extent to which others share their opinions, attributes, and behaviours.

Question 54

base rate fallacy

Answer 54

the finding that people are realatively insensitive o consesus ingo presented in the form of numerical base rates.

Question 55

counterfactual thinking

Answer 55

the tendeny to imagine alternative events or outcomes that might have occured but did not.

Question 56

fundamental attr error

Answer 56

the tendency to focus on the role of personal causes and underestimate the impact of situations on other people’s behaviour.