Chapter 1 Flashcards
nearest to the body center, joint center, or reference point
proximal
away from the body center, joint center, or reference point
distal
above, toward the head
superior (cranial)
lower than, toward the feet
inferior (caudal)
toward the front
anterior (ventral)
toward the back
posterior (dorsal)
closer to the midline
medial
away from the midline
lateral
makes a division into right and left portions
sagittal plane
makes a division into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions
frontal plane
makes a division into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portions
transverse (horizontal) plane
lies perpendicular to the sagittal plane
mediolateral axis
lies perpendicular to the frontal plane
anteroposterior axis
lies perpendicular to the transverse plane
longitudinal axis
movement that decreases the joint angle. It occurs in a sagittal plane around a mediolateral axis.
flexion
movement opposite to flexion, increases the joint angle. It occurs in a sagittal plane around a mediolateral axis.
extension
movement toward the midline of the body in a frontal plane around an anteroposterior axis
adduction
movement away from the midline of the body in a frontal plane around an anteroposterior axis
abduction
movement around a longitudinal axis and in the transverse plane, either toward the midline (internal) or away from the midline (external)
rotation
a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. The segment moving in circumduction describes a cone.
circumduction
rotational movement at the radioulnar joint in a transverse plane about a longitudinal axis that results in the palm facing downward
pronation
rotational movement at the radioulnar joint in a transverse plane around a longitudinal axis that results in the palm facing upward
supination
extension at the ankle joint
plantarflexion
flexion at the ankle joint
dorsiflexion
turning the sole of the foot away from the midline (outward)
eversion
turning the sole of the foot toward the midline (inward)
inversion
includes the bones the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum; it forms the longtitudinal axis of the body, supports and protects organ systems, and provides surface area for the attachment of muscles
axial skeleton
includes the bones of the arms and legs and the pectoral and pelvic girdles; functions to attach the limbs to the trunk
appendicular skeleton
exaggerated posterior thoracic curvature
hyperkyphosis
exaggerated anterior lumbar curvature
hyperlordosis
lateral deviation in the frontal plane
scoliosis
spaces between the ribs
intercostal space
a slightly raised surface landmark where the manubrium meets the body of the sternum
sternal angle
consists of compact bone surrounding a thin layer of cancellous bone, within which lies the medullary cavity, which is filled with yellow bone marrow
diaphysis
consists of cancellous bone surrounded by a layer of compact bone
epiphysis
production site of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets found in spongy bone
hematopoiesis
the junction, in immature long bones, between the epiphysis and the diaphysis where growth of long bone occurs
epiphyseal plate
