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Human Growth > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

0
Q

A verbal mechanism including a set of organized principles that explain the phenomenon

A

Theoretical explanation

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1
Q

Objective observable/measurable information that supports the assertion.

A

Empirical evidence

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2
Q

Studies human growth,maturation and learning process across the lifespan.

A

Development psychology

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3
Q

Physical increase in the body

A

Growth

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4
Q

Point of growth and learning where system is capable of function as intended

A

Maturation

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5
Q

Relatively permanent change in behavior die to experience

A

Learning

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6
Q

Physical/biological changes(cognitive, behavioral) compared to ones age peers

A

Psychological age

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7
Q

Social roles, symbols, and expectations compared to ones age peers

A

Social age

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8
Q

Values,beliefs,attitudes, and norms if a particular group

A

Culture

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9
Q

Comparison of views,norms,beliefs on human development helps determine culture influence-more valid prediction and explanation of development trajectory.

A

Cross-culture studies

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10
Q

Events that are predictable by age

A

Normative age

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11
Q

Graded influences that are specific to a generation

A

Normative history

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12
Q

Events that are not typical or specific and unpredictable

A

Nonnormative influences

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13
Q

A debate about whether development is influenced most by biological heredity or environmental experiences

A

Nature vs nurture

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14
Q

A gradual,cumulative process of change due more to experiences

A

Continuous

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15
Q

An age-stage process with distinct changes in stages that are due more to growth and maturation

A

Discontinuous

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16
Q

Specific period of time when environmental event has the most impact upon the developing organism

A

Critical periods

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17
Q

Level of consciousness

-aware of current experiences or thoughts

A

Conscious

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18
Q

LOC

-stored memories, capable of being retrieved

A

Preconscious

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19
Q

LOC

-put of awareness irrational wishes,shameful urges,unacceptable sexual desires, fears, repressed or suppressed

A

Unconscious

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20
Q

Major components of personality

A

ID-immediate gratification
Ego-reality principle
Superego-morality principle/ideal self

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21
Q

Frueds’s theory. The ID/biological drives motivate the ego and superego development primarily at the unconscious level

A

Theoretical position

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22
Q

Areas of the body that have especially strong pleasure-giving(sensual) sensations at each stage of psychosexual development

A

Biological drives-erogenous zones & psychosexual stages

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23
Q

Freud’s stages of psychosexual development in order

A
  • oral
  • anal
  • phallic
  • latency
  • genital
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24
Q

Over gratification or under gratification of a particular need during a psychosexual stage that hinders or impedes development

A

Fixation

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25
Q

Unconscious ego forces that attempt to reduce anxiety,guilt,frustration,etc.

A

Defense mechanism

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26
Q

Conscious and unconscious levels of ego crisis(trust,autonomy,initiative,) motivate interpersonal behaviors to establish ego strengths “virtues” (hope ,will,purpose, competence,fidelity,love,care,wisdom)

A

Erikson’s theory of theoretical position

27
Q

Cognitive structure/framework used to organize experience/concepts into categories

A

Schemas

28
Q

Utilizing existing concepts/categories to process experience or stimuli

A

Assimilation

29
Q

Form new or modify existing categories/concepts to process stimuli or experiences

A

Accommodation

30
Q

Interactive and simultaneous process between assimilation and accommodation

A

Equilibration

31
Q

Cognitive change/development occurs as individuals construct and reconstruct Schemas in order to conceptualizer and adapt to ones environment(biology of cognition, growth, maturation)

A

Cognitive Development position

32
Q

Social cognitive theory

A
  • cognitive abilities are interpreted developmentally

* cognitive abilities are mediated by language

33
Q

Cognitive abilities are constructed individually as one’s culture mediates(especially language) change in structure for interpersonal and sociocultural adaptation

A

Sociocultural cognitive position

34
Q

Zone of proximal development which includes a inner/lower limit of mastered ability and an outer/upper limit of potential ability

A

Sociocultural model

35
Q
  • control processes(encoding,storage,retrieval) involve directing &manipulating information/input
  • Component processes(sensory,working,(short-term) long-term) involve the holding & maintenance of information/input
A

Information Processing Theory

36
Q

Cognitive development occurs by processing controls(encoding,storage, retrieval) and processing components(sensory,short term,long term) changing in rate (speed &accuracy) and capacity (amount) as our brain grows, matures and experiences our environment

A

Information Processing Position

37
Q

Strengthen the association between stimulus and response when followed by rewarding consequences

A

Reinforcement part of operant conditioning theory

38
Q

Weaken the association between stimulus and response when followed by aversive/unpleasant consequences

A

Punishment

39
Q

Successive apron impatiens of a behavior towards a desired target behavior

A

Shaping

40
Q

Behavioral (motor,language,interpersonal) change/development of personality(patterns) is gradual and occurs due to associative learning (reinforcement & punishing consequences) processes

A

Operant conditioning position

41
Q

Social cognitive learning theory

A

Albert bandura

42
Q

•Observational learning theory involves observing and reproducing a model behavior

A

Social cognitive learning theory

43
Q

Behavioral change or personality development is due to observing and reproducing a model’s behavior within the reciprocal dynamic of cognitive behavioral environmental processes

A

Social cognitive learning position

44
Q

Self actualization theory

A

Abraham Maslow

45
Q

Motivation(deficiency needs, d-needs) involves reducing tension to satisfy deficit states
•metamotivational(being needs,b-needs) involves psychosocial needs to realize the potential self

A

Self actualization theory

46
Q

Personality changes/develops during the process of individuals progressing through needs to realize the potential self across important life roles

A

Self actualization position

47
Q

Biological position on behavior change/development- occurs by processes of individual selection behaviors during critical periods(environmental demands)

A

Ethnological theory(Konrad Lorenz)

48
Q

Sociological position on behavioral change/development-occurs due to the impact of different social systems/structures affecting adaptive interpersonal behavior

A

Ecological theory

49
Q

Results represent what they are proposed to represent

A

Validity

50
Q

Results are consistent across studies and/or time

A

Reliability

51
Q

Mathematical procedure used to describe data and test hypothesis

A

Statistics

52
Q

The study of gene structure(molecular composition of the gene) and function (coding and instructions or cellular activity)

A

Genetics

53
Q

The study of the genetic environmental relationships regarding genotype and phenotype endowment

A

Heredity

54
Q

Sandra Scarr’s 3 types if gene-environment relationships

A
  • passive-parents provide environment that matches their own genetic makeup
  • evocative-child’s genetic tendencies elicit stimulation from environment that supports trait
  • active-child actively seeks out “niches” in environment that supports interests
55
Q

An evolutionary process of gene selection in which an individual of a species passes on its most effective and efficient at genetic material for adapting,surviving and reproducing in ones environment

A

Natural selection

56
Q

To study adaptive psychology behaviors in light of their relationship to survival & reproduction

A

Evolutionary psychology

57
Q

A specific point on chromosome carrying a specific trait

A

Locus

58
Q

Multiple genes coding for (additive or complimentary process) the same trait

A

Poly genes

59
Q

The study of the relationship between genetic variations and behavioral variations

A

Behavioral genetics

60
Q

Tendency or likelihood for a particular inherited trait to be displayed if particular conditions are experienced

A

Behavioral predisposition

61
Q

An assertion supported by evidence and theory

A

Intellectual argument

62
Q

Assertion, empirical evidence and theoretical explanation

A

Components of an argument

63
Q

Specific position on some phenomenon( relationships or effects of one variable upon another)

A

Assertion

64
Q

An assertion supported by evidence and theory

A

Intellectual argument

65
Q

Assertion, empirical evidence and theoretical explanation

A

Components of an argument

66
Q

Specific position on some phenomenon( relationships or effects of one variable upon another)

A

Assertion

Human Growth (1 decks)

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