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Psych 100 > Chapter 1 +2 - Into To Psych > Flashcards

Chapter 1 +2 - Into To Psych Flashcards

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1
Q

What 2 words make up Psychology?

A

Physiology and philosophy

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2
Q

Mind

A

The contents and processes of subjective experience: sensations, thoughts and emotions

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3
Q

Behavior

A

Observable actions such as moving about, talking, gesturing, etc.
Behaviors can also refer to activities of cells and to thoughts and feelings

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4
Q

Clinical Psychologists

A

Psychologists who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems

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5
Q

Difference between Clinical Psychologists and Counseling Psychologists

A

Clinical psychologists tend to deal more with adjustment problems (marriage and family), whereas clinical psychologists tend to work with psychological disorders.
Both require a Ph.D and make up majority of the profession.

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6
Q

Psychiatrist

A

Medical doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems

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7
Q

Applied Psychologist

A

Psychologist who extends the principles of scientific psychology to practical problems in the world

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8
Q

Research Psychologist

A

Psychologists who try to discover the basic principles of behavior and mind

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9
Q

Empiricism

A

The idea that knowledge comes directly from experience

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10
Q

Psychology

A

The scientific study of behavior and mind

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11
Q

Who believed that the mind is separate from the body and why does this idea not match up with modern psychology?

A

Descartes believed that the mind and body were seperate, only able to influence the other.
This is wrong, because to separate the mind from the physical world places psychology outside the boundaries of science. The scientific method is based on observation, and it’s impossible to study something scientifically that cannot be observed in some way.

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12
Q

Nativism

A

The idea that some knowledge is innate or present at birth

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13
Q

Who believed that the mind is separate from the body and why does this idea not match up with modern psychology?

A

Descartes believed that the mind and body were seperate, only able to influence the other.
This is wrong, because to separate the mind from the physical world places psychology outside the boundaries of science. The scientific method is based on observation, and it’s impossible to study something scientifically that cannot be observed in some way.

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14
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A

A movement proposing that certain organizing of perception are innate and cannot be altered by experience.

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15
Q

Structuralism

A

An early school of psychology; structuralists tried to understand the mind by breaking it down into basic parts, much as a chemist might try to understand a chemical compound

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16
Q

Systematic introspection

A

An early technique used to study the mind; systematic introspection required people to look inward and describe their own experiences

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17
Q

Functionalism

A

An early school of psychology; functionalists believed that the proper way to understand mind and behavior is to first analyze their function and purpose

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18
Q

Behaviorism

A

A school of psychology proposing that the only proper subject matter of psychology is observable behavior rather than immediate conscious experience

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19
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

A term used by Freud to describe his theory of mind and system of therapy

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20
Q

Humanistic psychology

A

A movement in psychology that focuses on people’s unique capacities for choice, responsibility, and growth

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21
Q

Eclectic approach

A

The idea that its useful to select information from several sources rather than to rely on a single perspective or school of thought

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22
Q

Cognitive revolution

A

The shift away from strict behaviorism in the 1950s, characterized by renewed interest in fundamental problems of consciousness and internal mental processes.

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23
Q

Cognitive

A

Referring to the process of knowing or percieving

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24
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

A movement proposing that we’re born with mental processes and software that were acquired through natural selection in our ancestral past and help us to solve specific adaptive problems

25
Q

Culture

A

The shared values, customs, and beliefs of a group or community

26
Q

Define Scientific Method and state the steps.

A

A multistep technique that generates empirical knowledge - that is, knowledge derived from systematic observations of the world.

  1. Observe
  2. Detect Regularities
  3. Generate a Hypothesis
  4. Observe
27
Q

Operational definitions

A

Definitions that specify how concepts can be observed and measured

28
Q

Descriptive research

A

Methods designed to observe and describe behavior

29
Q

Reactivity

A

When behavior changes as a result of the observation process

30
Q

External validity

A

The extent to which results generalize to other situations or are representative of real life

31
Q

Case study

A

A descriptive research technique in which the effort is focused on a single case, usually an individual.

32
Q

Survey

A

A descriptive research technique to gather limited amounts of information from many people, usually by administering some kind of questionnaire.

33
Q

Random sampling

A

A procedure guaranteeing that everyone in the population has an equal likelihood of being selected for the sample.

34
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

Mathematical techniques that help researchers describe their data

35
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

Mathematical techniques that help researchers decide whether data are representative of a population or whether differences among observations can be attributed to chance.

36
Q

List steps of the scientific method

A
  1. Observe
  2. Detect regularities
  3. Generate a hypothesis
  4. Observe
37
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

A descriptive research technique that records naturally occurring behavior as opposed to behavior produced in the laboratory

38
Q

Mean

A

The arithmetic average of a set of scores

39
Q

Mode

A

The most frequently occuring score in a set of scores

40
Q

Median

A

The middle point in an ordered set of scores

41
Q

Variability

A

A measure of how much the scores in a distribution of scores differ from one another

42
Q

Range

A

The difference between the largest and smallest scores in a distribution

43
Q

Standard deviation

A

An indication of how much individual scores differ or vary from the mean

44
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

Mathematical techniques that help researchers describe their data

45
Q

Inferential statistics

A

Mathematical techniques that help researchers decide whether data are representative of a population or whether differences among observations can be attributed to chance

46
Q

Correlation

A

A statistic that indicates whether two variables vary together in a systematic way; correlation coefficients vary from +1.00 to -1.00

47
Q

Experimental research

A

A technique in which the investigator actively manipulates the environment to observe its effect on bahavior

48
Q

Independent variable

A

The aspect of the environment that is manipulated in an experiment. It must consist of at least two conditions.

49
Q

Dependent variable

A

The behavior that is measured or observed in an experiment.

50
Q

Purpose and research tactics of Descriptive Research

A

Purpose: observing and describing behavior
Tactics: naturalistic observation, case studies, survey research, psychological tests

51
Q

Purpose and research tactics of Correlational Research

A

Purpose: predicting and selecting behavior

Research tactics: statistical correlations based on two or more variables

52
Q

Purpose and research tactics of Experimental Research

A

Purpose: determining why behavior occurs: establishing cause and effect
Tactics: experiments manipulating the independent variable to note effects on the dependent variable

53
Q

Confounding variable

A

An uncontrolled variable that changes along with the independent variable

54
Q

Internal validity

A

The extent to which an experiment has effectively controlled for confounding variables; internally valid experiments allow for the determination of causality

55
Q

Random assignment

A

A technique ensuring that each participant in an experiment has an equal chance of being assigned to any of the conditions in the experiment

56
Q

Placebo

A

An inactive or inert substance that resembles an experimental substance

57
Q

Single-blind study

A

Experimental participants do not know to which condition they have been assigned (eg experimental vs control); it’s used to control for participant expectancies.

58
Q

Double-blind study

A

Neither participants not research observers are aware of who has been assigned to the experimental and control groups; it’s used to control for both participant and experimenter expectancies

59
Q

Informed consent

A

The principle that before consenting to participate in research, people should be fully informed about any significant factors that could affect their willingness to participate

Psych 100 (3 decks)

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