Chapter 1, 2, and 3 Stuff Flashcards
Metaplasia is reversible
Under persistent stress, metaplasia can progress to dysplasia and eventually to cancer
The one exception is…
apocrine metaplasia
Dysplasia often arises from a longstanding pathological…
hyperplasia or metaplasia
Is dysplasia reversible or irreversible?
Dysplasia is also reversible; however, carcinoma is not
What is the hallmark of irreversible cell damage?
Irreversible cell damage hallmark → cell membrane damage
Does it to the plasma membrane, the mitochondrial membrane (and thus the leakage of cytochrome c into cytosol), and the lysosomal membrane
The morphologic hallmark of cell death is…
The morphologic hallmark of cell death is loss of the nucleus
This occurs via condensation (pyknosis), fragmentation (karyorrhexis), and dissolution (karyolysis)
Red infarction arises if blood renters…
…a loosely organized tissue
Pulmonary or testicular infarction
Pancreatitis can exhibit what two types of necrosis?
Pancreatitis → can result from 2 things
Digestion of the pancreas ITSELF = liquefactive necrosis
Digestion of the fat surrounding the pancreas = fat necrosis
In dystrophic calcification, the damaged tissue…
…acts as a nidus for calcification in the setting of normal serum calcium
In metastatic calcification, high …
…serum or phosphate levels lead to calcium deposition in normal tissues
What is fibrinoid calcification?
Fibrinoid calcification: necrotic damage of blood vessel wall → leaking of proteins (fibrin) into the blood vessel wall → get bright pink staining; associated with malignant HTN
Especially associated with preeclampsia
Fibrinoid necrosis of the placenta occurs
What are the three basic principles of amyloidosis?
BASIC PRINCIPLES
A. Amyloid is a misfolded protein that deposits in the extracellular space, thereby
damaging tissues.
B. Multiple proteins can deposit as amyloid. Shared features include beta-pleated sheet configuration; congo red staining and apple-green birefringence when viewed microscopically
under polarized light
C. Deposition can be systemic or localized.
What are the 2 types of systemic amyloidosis?
primary and secondary
Primary systemic amyloidosis is associated with what?
Associated with plasma cell dyscrasias (e.g., multiple myeloma)
Primary amyloidosis is systemic deposition of AL amyloid, which is derived from immunoglobulin light chain.
What gets deposited in secondary amyloidosis?
Secondary amyloidosis is systemic deposition of AA amyloid , which is derived from serum amyloid-associated protein (SAA).
SAA is an acute phase reactant that is increased in chronic inflammatory states,
malignancy, and Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF).
What is familial Mediterranean fever?
FMF is due to a dysfunction of neutrophils (autosomal recessive) and occurs in
persons of Mediterranean origin.
Presents with episodes of fever and acute serosal inflammation (can mimic appendicitis, arthritis, or myocardial infarction)
High SAA during attacks deposits as AA amyloid in tissues.
What are the major types of localized amyloidosis?
- Senile cardiac amyloidosis
- Familial amyloid cardiomyopathy
- Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
- Alzheimer disease
- Dialysis-associated amyloidosis
- Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid
Senile cardiac amyloidosis
vs. Familial amyloid cardiomyopathy
Senile cardiac amyloidosis:
Non-mutated serum transthyretin deposits in the heart.
Usually asymptomatic; present in 25% of individuals > 80 years of age
Familial amyloid cardiomyopathy:
Mutated serum transthyretin deposits in the heart leading to restrictive cardiomyopathy.
- 5% of African Americans carry the mutated gene.
What are mast cells activated by?
Mast cells are activated by tissue trauma, C3a and C5a, or by cross-linking of IgE
What explodes out of the mast cell?
Immediate response = histamine (does vasodilation and VP)
Late response = production of arachidonic acid metabolites (LTs in particular)
what is hageman factor?
Hageman factor
Inactive proinflammatory protein produced by liver
Activated upon exposure to subendothelial or tissue collagen
how does fever occur?
Pyrogens from bacteria stimulate macrophages to release IL-1 and TNF → these stimulate cyclooxygenase activity in the perivascular cells of the hypothalamus → this produces PGE2 → goes and increases the temperature set point
LAD is a defect in what specific part of the integrin?
autosomal defect of integrins specifically the CD18 subunit
CD25 polymorphisms are associated with…
MS and TIDM
~Type IV rxn
~Can be a primary DO or associated with RA
RF is present in these patients EVEN when they don’t have RA
What does this refer to?
Sjogrens!
What are pregnant women with anti-SSA (the antibody associated with sjogrens) at risk for?
Pregnant women with anti-SSA are at risk for delivering babies with neonatal LUPUS and congenital HB
Some pregnant SLE patients have anti-SSA and B….so make sure to screen
