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COGS100 > Chapter 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an axon?

A

portion of nerve cells specialised for relaying electrical signals over long distances

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2
Q

What are the three types of glial cells?

A

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglial cells.

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3
Q

What is the name of the technique that stains the nucleolus and other structures?

A

Nissl method

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4
Q

What are afferent neurons?

A

nerve cells that carry info. fr. periphery toward the brain or spinal cord

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5
Q

What are efferent neurons?

A

nerve cells that carry info. away fr. the brain or spinal cord

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6
Q

What is a resting membrane potential?

A

A negative potential

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7
Q

What are Pacinian corpuscles?

A

receptor neurons that sense mechanical disturbances of the skin

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8
Q

What are active transporters?

A

proteins that actively move ions into or out of cells against the concentratn gradt

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9
Q

What are ion channels?

A

Allow ions to diffuse down concentratn gradient- selectively permeable to certain ions

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10
Q

Studies of the ionic basis of the action potential in squid giant axon found that

A

Decreasing sodium outside cell decreases size of action potential

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11
Q

What is the difference between equilibrium potential and membrane potential?

A
  • Equilibrium potential: affected by concentration and electrical gradients of one ion.
  • Membrane potential: affected by gradients of all ions.
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12
Q

The refractory period ends when

A

The sodium channels are no longer activated.

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13
Q

Active transporters

A
  • Actively move selected ions against concentration gradient

- Create ion concentration gradients

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14
Q

Ion channels

A
  • Allow ions to diffuse down concentration gradient

- Are selectively permeable to certain ions

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15
Q

Which statement regarding metabotropic and ionotropic receptors is true?

A

Ionotropic receptors: immediate effects

Metabotropic receptors: long-term effects

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16
Q

The end plate channels show

A

a regenerative opening pattern that propagates an action potential along length of muscle fibre.

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17
Q

An important factor determining whether a receptor-operated ion channel is inhibitory or excitatory is

A

an important factor determining whether a receptor-operated ion channel is inhibitory or excitatory is

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18
Q

What are the events in chemical synaptic transmission?

A
  1. Depolarization of the presynaptic terminal
  2. Opening of voltage-gated ion channels
  3. Activation of presynaptic, calcium-sensitive proteins
  4. Vesicle fusion with plasma membrane
  5. Diffusion of transmitter across the synaptic cleft
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19
Q

Recycling of synaptic vesicles is tracked using HRP as a vesicle marker. What will be the observed sequence of HRP movement?

A

Coated vesicle, endosome, vesicle reserve pool

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20
Q

What is a possible outcome for a neurotransmitter after release into the synaptic cleft?

A

Activation of G-protein-coupled receptor on postsynaptic cell

21
Q

What is not a catecholamine?

A

Histamine

22
Q

Cocaine acts by

A

blocking dopamine reuptake

23
Q

Which is not a class of opioid peptides?

A

Endocannabinoids

24
Q

What change can could be responsible for increasing the amplitude of an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)?

A

An increase in the amount of glutamate released into the synapse

25
Q

Main reason that rods are more sensitive to light than cones is that

A

rod transduction mechanism provides greater signal amplification

26
Q

By which mechanism are rod signals transmitted in conditions of low light?

A

Rod bipolar cells synapse on amacrine cells, which in turn synapse on cone bipolar cells

27
Q

You measure changes in membrane potential in an ON-center bipolar cell that is exposed to light in the center of its receptive field. What response would you expect to see?

A

Depolarization due to decreased release of glutamate by the photoreceptor cell

28
Q

The fovea

A

lies at the center of the macula lutea

29
Q

What sequence represents the most direct pathway for the transmission of visual information from the eye to the brain?

A

Photoreceptor → bipolar cell → ganglion cell → brain

30
Q

Two main functions of the retinal pigment epithelium are

A
  • phagocytosis of shed outer segments

- regeneration of the photoreceptor photopigments

31
Q

Which visual area is most specialized for processing color information?

A

V4

32
Q

Contralateral visual field deficit is often due to

A

optic tract or cortical damage

33
Q

What feature is not a characteristic of certain primary visual cortex neurons?

A

Recognition of faces

34
Q

Semicircular canals are largely insensitive to linear acceleration because

A

the forces produced by linear acceleration are the same on both sides of the cupula

35
Q

The vestibulo-ocular reflex is a mechanism for

A

stabilizing gaze during head movement

36
Q

Patients with severe bilateral vestibular damage do not exhibit

A

difficulty in visually tracking slow-moving objects

37
Q

Both the cochlea and the labyrinth use

A

hair cells in mechanotransduction

38
Q

How transduction is biphasic?

A

Movements toward and away from the kinocilium can produce increased or decreased firing of vestibular afferents

39
Q

Utricle is most sensitive to

A

horizontal acceleration of the head

40
Q

Semicircular canals is designed to detect

A

angular acceleration

41
Q

List functional specialisations of the bran

A

Fusiform face area (FFA): specialised for facial recognition located in the fusiform gyrus.
Visual word form area (VWFA):

42
Q

The vestibulo-ocular reflex is a mechanism for

A

stabilizing gaze during head movement

43
Q

Patients with severe bilateral vestibular damage do not exhibit

A

difficulty in visually tracking slow-moving objects

44
Q

Both the cochlea and the labyrinth use

A

hair cells in mechanotransduction

45
Q

How transduction is biphasic?

A

Movements toward and away from the kinocilium can produce increased or decreased firing of vestibular afferents

46
Q

Utricle is most sensitive to

A

horizontal acceleration of the head

47
Q

Semicircular canals is designed to detect

A

angular acceleration

48
Q

List functional specialisations of the bran

A

Fusiform face area (FFA): specialised for facial recognition located in the fusiform gyrus.
Visual word form area (VWFA):

COGS100 (1 decks)

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