Chapter 1&2

Question 1

Definition of Psychology

Answer 1

The study of mental process/ behavior

Question 2

Goals of Science

Answer 2

description, explanation, prediction, control, application

Question 3

Levels of Analysis

Answer 3

Brain structure, Individual (personality), Social group, Community/Culture

Question 4

Critical Thinking

Answer 4

the objective analysis and evaluation of an issue in order to form a judgment.

Question 5

Introspection

Answer 5

the examination or observation of one’s own mental and emotional processes

Question 6

Structuralism

Answer 6

Analysis of human cognition, behavior, culture, and experience that focus on relationships that reflect patterns

Question 7

Gestalt Psychology

Answer 7

the study of patterns in a natural situation.

Question 8

Functionalism

Answer 8

how are brains help us function

Question 9

Psychodynamic Theory

Answer 9

unconscious forces influencing our behavior (dreaming)

Question 10

Behaviorism

Answer 10

what behavior of a person tell us about how they learn

Question 11

Cognitive revolution

Answer 11

how information is processed inside the brain.

Question 12

Social Psychology

Answer 12

understanding how people behave based on traits and social context

Question 13

Evolutionary Psychology

Answer 13

cognitive strategies (brain process) and goals are adaptive.

Question 14

Psychological Science

Answer 14

science based on cognitive, social, developmental, and health psychology

Question 15

Naturalistic Observation

Answer 15

observing subjects in their natural environment

Question 16

Participant Observation

Answer 16

Observing subjects through self and other perspectives

Question 17

Case Study

Answer 17

Research which is detailed to a particular person, group, or situation over time

Question 18

Survey/Self-Report

Answer 18

providing details about ones psychological state.

Question 19

Correlation

Answer 19

The relationship or connection between two or more things

Question 20

Experimental

Answer 20

to demonstrate a cause- and-effect between two variables

Question 21

Elements of an Experiment

Answer 21

theory, hypothesis, research

Question 22

Independent Variable

Answer 22

any variable that the researcher manipulates in an experiment

Question 23

Dependent Variable

Answer 23

the aspect of the situation that is measured, depending on the IV

Question 24

Sample

Answer 24

A portion of any population that is selected for the study

Question 25

Population

Answer 25

the entire group that is of interest to the researchers

Question 26

Random Assignment

Answer 26

Randomly assigning groups to be either DV or IV

Question 27

Random Sampling

Answer 27

randomly choosing a sample from a population

Question 28

Convenience Sampling

Answer 28

sampling in which participants are selected due to being conveniently accessible to the research.

Question 29

Quasi-Experiment

Answer 29

like experiments but without random assignment

Question 30

Reliability

Answer 30

consistency

Question 31

Validity

Answer 31

measuring

Question 32

Accuracy

Answer 32

the quality or state of being correct or precise.

Question 33

Expectancy Effects

Answer 33

when a researcher expects a certain out come and unconsciously effects the outcome of the experiment.

Question 34

Clever Hans

Answer 34

The man with the counting horse, showing the idea that the brain will function in the positive way due to a reward or signal.

Question 35

Rosenthal Rats

Answer 35

The idea that if something is said to be “different” then the outcome of the experiment could be altered.

Question 36

Pygmalion

Answer 36

where higher expectations lead to an increase in performance.

Question 37

Selection/ Sampling Bias

Answer 37

Picking a subject or sample to work in favor of the hypothesis, creating bias in the experiment

Question 38

Experimenter Bias

Answer 38

The scientist performing the research influence the results to portray a certain outcome

Question 39

Observer Bias, Reactivity

Answer 39

the tendency to see what we expect to see, or what we want to see.

Question 40

Response Bias

Answer 40

the tendency for someone to act misleading, to give answers considered socially acceptable.

Question 41

Self-Report Bias

Answer 41

where the person creates their own bias in favor of the experiment

Question 42

Systematic Error

Answer 42

an error having a nonzero men, so that its effect is not reduced when observations are averaged

Question 43

Detecting Cofounds

Answer 43

acting against the favor of the experiment on purpose to produce negative results.

Question 44

Double-Blind Design

Answer 44

When both the experimenter and the subject don’t have any form of bias in the experiment, and or “blind” opinion.

Question 45

Ethics in Research

Answer 45

IRB, Consent, min risk/max benefits, avoid deception, debriefing.

Question 46

Positive Correlation

Answer 46

where the reactions/results from the experiment would have a similar positive incline or slope on a graph

Question 47

Negative Correlation

Answer 47

where the reactions/results from an experiment would have a similar negative decline or slope on a graph.

Question 48

Zero Correlation

Answer 48

where the reactions/results from a experiment would have no similar incline/decline on graph.

Question 49

Meta-Analysis

Answer 49

taking both qualitative and quantitative data and developing a single conclusion.

Question 50

Scientific Method (steps)

Answer 50

Ask a question, background research, hypothesis, experiment, analyze data, report results.

Question 51

Operational Definition

Answer 51

where intuitive concepts need to be operationally defined before an experiment. (IQ tests)

Question 52

Descriptive Research

Answer 52

to get a picture of the current thoughts, feelings, or behaviors in a given group of people.