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Criminology Quiz > Chapter 1,2,5 > Flashcards

Chapter 1,2,5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Criminology?

A

the body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon. it includes the process of:
- making laws, breaking laws and reacting to the breaking of laws.

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2
Q

What is the goal of criminology?

A

to develop a body of general and verified principles and knowledge regarding law, crime and treatment.

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3
Q

How does crime affect us (directly or indirectly)

A

-taxpayers
-victims
-employees

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4
Q

1 discipline of criminology

A

the definition of crime and criminals

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5
Q

2 discipline of criminology

A

the origins and role of law

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6
Q

3 discipline of criminology

A

the social distribution of crime

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7
Q

4 discipline of crime

A

the causation of crime

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8
Q

5 discipline of crime

A

patterns of criminal behavior

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9
Q

6 discipline of crime

A

societal reactions to crime

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10
Q

crime and the media

A

the medias perception of crime has serious consequences

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11
Q

to understand crime we must….

A

-the characteristics of people who commit crime.
-trends in the occurrence of crime overtime
-differences in cities, countries, provinces.

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12
Q

patterns of criminal behavior

A

defined by law in terms of categories such as: murder, assault, theft.

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13
Q

societal reactions to crime

A

Canada, normally law violators are
processed through the criminal justice system that includes the police, courts, and corrections system

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14
Q

societal reactions to crime-The constitution act 1867

A

determines how people charged with crimes are dealt with

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15
Q

The CJS Divisions of power

A
  • different levels of policing(federal, municipal, provincial.)
    -courts are both under federal and provincial jurisdiction.
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16
Q

Legal Definition of Crime

A

A crime is an act or omission that
violates criminal law and is punishable

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17
Q

The regulation of behavior

A

Most of the time, most of us conform to the
norms our group prescribes.
* We follow most rules without consciously
thinking about them.
* Informal rules (or folkways) govern much of our
conduct.
* Some informal rules become formal regulations
or laws.

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18
Q

What is crime?

A

these harmful acts are considered harms against
society as a whole.
—As such, the state is responsible for enforcing and
prosecuting those who commit these harmful acts

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19
Q

White-Collar Crime: Sutherland

A

focusing only on violations of the
criminal law presented a misleading picture of crime

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20
Q

Herman and Julia Schwendinger (1970) proposed a broader definition of crime

A

it should be based on human rights, rather than legal
status.
* If an act violated someone’s rights to the necessities of
life, it should be considered a crime.

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21
Q

White collar crime

A

were being committed by middle- and upper-class people in the course of their business activities

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22
Q

Imperialism, sexism, racism, and homophobia are also
very harmful

A

should also be considered crime.

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23
Q

Hagen’s (1985) Continuum of Crime and Deviance

A

Falls somewhere between legalistic and human rights

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24
Q

Hagan: crime and deviance should be
considered as a continuum from most serious
to least serious acts, based on three
dimensions

A
  1. The degree of consensus that an act is wrong
  2. The severity of society’s response to the act
  3. The amount of harm caused by the act
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25
Q

4 major catergories of crime and deviance

A

-consensus crimes, conflict crimes, social deviations, social diversions

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26
Q

The relativity of crime

A

The distinction between criminal
and noncriminal is thus ambiguous.

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27
Q

Consensus Theory

A

Criminal laws represent a consensus within a
society about what acts should be prohibited

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28
Q

Conflict Theorists

A

reject the idea that laws reflect a consensus of society

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29
Q

Class Conflict Theory

A

views laws as a tool used by the ruling class to maintain their privilege position by keeping “common people” under control

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30
Q

Group Conflict Theory

A

views laws as the result of a political process, which involves conflict between different interest groups.

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31
Q

Green Criminology

A

about the causes and consequences of environmental destruction

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32
Q

Terrorism Studies

A

defining terrorism exemplifies how crimes are socially constructed terrorists to some are “freedom fighters” to others.

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33
Q

The Social Definition of Terrorism

A

The deliberate use or the threat to use violence
against civilians in order to attain political,
ideological, and religious goals” (Ganor, 2002, 288)

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34
Q

Terrorism and The Rule of Law

A

Power of the state has expanded to
include:
* tough new laws
* widespread surveillance
* ethnic and religious profiling

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35
Q

Surveillance Studies

A

Surveillance can be defined as “any systematic focus
on personal information in order to influence,
manage, entitle, or control those whose information
is collected” (Bennett et al., 2014, 6)

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36
Q

Social Media and Privacy

A

Privacy concerns have been raised about the
information that gets harvested by companies

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37
Q

Online DNA Matching

A

DNA collected by a genetic testing service was used
to catch the Golden State Killer. This case raised privacy issues.

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38
Q

Three Sub-Fields in Criminology

A

-green criminology, terrorism studies, surveillance studies

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39
Q

Which of the following is true about how criminologists examine crime and deviance?

A

Criminologists aim to understand violations of criminal law as well as behavior’s that are perceived as or treated as crimes by society.

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40
Q

Which of the following approaches to the study of crime best captures a scenario in which government policy serves to punish the lower class?

A

The conflict approach

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41
Q

According to “Box 1.1: Crime and the Media,” which of the following best reflects the relationship between the media and Canadians’ perceptions about crime?

A

Stories on crime often provide a distorted picture of crime, which influences perceptions of crime

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42
Q

The policing of crime in Canada is a responsibility that varies provincially. What laws and jurisdictions fall under the authority of the RCMP?

A

Some federal laws and policing in all provinces, with the exception of Ontario, Quebec, and parts of Newfoundland and Labrador

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43
Q

Within Communities

A

Cooperation and kinship ties were the essential
means of preserving harmony and restoring order

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44
Q

Small Scale Society and the Origin of Law

A

many had no centralized structure for decision making.

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45
Q

Collective Solidarity

A

life was an exercise in mutual survival

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46
Q

Subsistence Economy

A

Everyone had roughly the same amount of
belongings. There was no surplus. This made it necessary to share the fruits of the days hunting or foraging

47
Q

Without surplus

A

There was little need for a state; everyone was of roughly equal status

48
Q

Members had to control their hostility, greed, and envy to survive

A

Members were expected to have lifelong
interactions with one another.
– This discouraged quarrelling.
– There was a fear of reprisal.
– There was a desire to keep hostilities from surfacing
and disturbing the business of living.

49
Q

Dispute Settlements

A

women were considered valuable resources

50
Q

Common causes for dispute

A

Improper food distribution, asymmetrical gift exchange, laziness, stinginess, theft, and murder

51
Q

The Goal of Dispute Settlement

A

restore harminous relationships between the parties

52
Q

Absensce of political Institutions

A

disputants had to resolve conflict themselves

53
Q

Self-Based Redress

A

the harmed party took matters into his/her own hands in order to seek a settlement (revenge, successful negotiation, some kind of compensation

54
Q

Kin-Based Redress

A

a member of family sought a settlement on behalf of a
harmed family member

55
Q

Punishment ranged from:

A

public criticism, shaming rituals, and temporary or permanent ostracism, to expulsion from the
group, blood feuds, and reprisal killings.

56
Q

Injured Party

A

had to initiate the dispute resolution process

57
Q

Customary Expectations of appropriate way to redress conflict

A

if it was too harsh, the group disapproval of sanctions

58
Q

Each small scale society had a body of custom

A

coupled with the fear of reprisal): this acted as a
brake on escalation by defining the appropriate level
of redress for various offences

59
Q

Advisor Systems

A

less common method of dispute resolution

60
Q

advisor tended to be high status men who:

A

typically recognized hunters, speakers, or warriors
* public repositories of wisdom about customs and rituals

61
Q

advisors acted as a moral authority, they:

A

interpreted dispute based on facts each side presented
* made recommendations based on custom
* could not enforce compliance

62
Q

new forms of power led to important changes

A

Economic surpluses gave rise to “pyramidal”
power.
– A small elite class controlled decision making

63
Q

Social Power and Inequality

A

Members who privately owned land and livestock
were able to generate a surplus

64
Q

The New modes of production

A

allowed those more powerful to take surplus value from those who are less powerful

65
Q

less powerful segments of society

A

found it hard to defend their interests and resist those social forces that were compromising their interests.

66
Q

Surplus goods and private property

A

allowed for theft, as well as payment as compensation for
offences

67
Q

Contracts, rents and wills emerged

A

requiring an increasingly complex body of civil laws

68
Q

A centralization of power

A

England transformed from land-based feudalism to the modern capitalist industrial society

69
Q

Basic Model of Feudalism

A

a central farm owned by a landlord, and small land holdings for a class of farm labourers

70
Q

Feudalism developed

A

the notion of collective responsibility was replaced by individual responsibility

71
Q

When Feudal Lords Consolidated…

A

they developed laws to address disputes

72
Q

Informal Dispute Settlement Practices

A

small-scale societies were undermined and
replaced by feudal lords and their laws

73
Q

1066: William the Conquer

A

declared himself “supreme landlord” of England.

74
Q

The Central Authority of the King

A

emerged to replace the authority of feudal lords

75
Q

The Kings System: common law

A

available to all who had the Crown settle disputes, rather than their kin or lords

76
Q

Why did merchants provide money?

A

in exchange for land as collateral and safe trading

77
Q

what did the enclosure movement conflict?

A

peasants right to hunt and fish and graze

78
Q

what did the growth of commerce result in?

A

transactions governed by law instead of custom

79
Q

what did the merchant class help with?

A

Crown consolidate power, in exchange for legislation and
enforcement favouring merchants

80
Q

what did the growth of commerce and trade spur?

A

The Industrial Revolution

81
Q

The New social order was…

A

predicated on law, in both commercial and criminal realms

82
Q

Contemporary State Power

A

Laws became the principal means of regulating
human activity and ensuring social order

83
Q

what laws embodied a consensus?

A

agreement that the act is wrong; assault, theft,

84
Q

The influence of special interest groups (moral entrpenures)

A
  • Criminalizing certain drugs
  • Rape legislation
  • Anti-combine laws
85
Q

Transnational Corperations

A

are some of the most powerful special interest groups.
* They greatly influence state policies and laws.

86
Q

The Rule of Law

A

depends on the willingness of citizens (majority) to comply.
– This means that the state is perceived as legitimate by
the citizenry

87
Q

Crisis of Legitimacy

A

Any state that fails to live up to its end of the
social contract will eventually face (civil unrest and threatens states power)

88
Q

Potential Sources for State delegitmization

A

Underregulated practices of big corporations
– Pollution of air, water, soil, and the food chain
– Ecocide: an assault on an entire ecosystem
– Growing and extreme levels of inequality

89
Q

Restorative Justice

A

RJ represents a return to the dispute settlement
modes of small-scale society.
– The victim, the offender, and the community are
active participants in the process.
– Reintegration is the goal.
– RJ can rebuild communities as well.

90
Q

According to Newman, many disputes in hunting and gathering societies were fought over what was considered to be a highly valuable resource in that society. Which of the following was that valuable resource?

A

Women

91
Q

Which of the following outcomes was a result of the vulnerable existence experienced by hunters and gatherers who travelled often and could not accumulate a surplus of resources?

A

a strong collective solidarity

92
Q

Which of the following best characterizes self-based systems of redress in small-scale societies?

A

There are customary expectations about the appropriateness of different punishments.

93
Q

According to the textbook, which of the following became a central focus of law during the decline of feudalism and the rise of the Industrial Revolution?

A

Managing commerce and money

94
Q

Which of the following best describes the objective of restorative justice?

A

To rebuild communities that may have been weakened by crime and social ills

95
Q

Correlates of crime

A

variables that are connected with crime

96
Q

Maturational Reform

A

people are less likely to commit crime as they grow older

97
Q

3 factors of maturational reform:

A

-physiological limitations, social bonds, socially responsible

98
Q

Women and Violent Crime study

A

Heimer and De Coster (1999): the gender gap in violent crime is the result of structural positions and cultural processes

99
Q

5 pathways for women in crime

A

-Harmed & harming women
* Battered women
* Street women
* Drug-connected women
* Other women

100
Q

Gender Differences in Criminal Behavior

A

males and females are held to widely
divergent standards and expectations in what
constitutes appropriate behavior

101
Q

Role Convergence Hypothesis

A

As the work roles of women become similar to those of men, so will their involvement in crime.

102
Q

Differential Offending Hypothesis

A

there is a difference between racial groups in terms of the
incidence, level of seriousness, and persistence of offending patterns

103
Q

Differential Treatment Hypothesis

A

structural inequality in the administration of justice is
responsible for overrepresentation

104
Q

R v Gladue (1999)

A

Provides a backdrop to structural explanations of the
overrepresentation of Indigenous peoples in the
criminal justice system

105
Q

Colonial Model

A

Colonialization has had devastating psychological and
social consequences.
* The resulting alienation may manifest itself in crime
and a high rate of violence within First Nations.

105
Q

Historic Trauma Transmission Model

A

Acculturation produces “learned helplessness”
(fatalism).
* This leads to self-blame, passivity, hostile behaviours,
and a decreased sense of self, which manifests itself
in suicide, violence, and criminal behaviour

106
Q

Critical Race Theory

A

The CJS reflects dominant group’s norms and values
and favours that group

107
Q

Which of the following pairings represent the two strongest known correlates of crime?

A

Gender and Age

108
Q

What does the “role convergence” hypothesis suggest?

A

As social roles of the sexes become more equal,
differences in their criminal behaviour will diminish

109
Q

According to the textbook, what scientific theory is used to explain the fact that criminal behaviour peaks at a young age and then declines?

A

Maturational reform

110
Q

Why has the idea of collecting race and crime statistics been so controversial in Canada?

A

Opponents were concerned that they could be used to justify racist theories of crime

111
Q

Which of the following statements represents the nature of the relationship between age and crime?

A

Young people are overrepresented among accused persons

112
Q

Which of the following best describes a key assumption of critical race theory?

A

Racism in the criminal justice system is inevitable

Criminology Quiz (1 decks)

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